Anders Bryn

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Horvath, Peter; Halvorsen, Rune; Sivertsen, Bendik & Bryn, Anders (2026). The impact of reference data errors on land-cover classifiers. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-1951. doi: 10.1080/00291951.2026.2661590. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Errors in thematically detailed land-cover maps have large consequences for downstream applications. Moreover, simulation-based studies suggest that land-cover classifiers are sensitive to errors in reference data. We (1) quantified the expected error from field interpretation of land-cover types; (2) the sensitivity of classifiers to reference data errors; and (3) the error transferred from reference data to classifiers. Lastly, we (4) recommended strategies to reduce errors. The study area was mapped by 12 field interpreters divided into three equal-sized experience-level groups. The field-based land-cover maps were aggregated to three thematic resolutions and used to train 6804 land-cover classifiers by varying inputs, algorithm, and hyperparameter values. Separately from the first field campaign, four field interpreters classified validation data points, which were used to quantify error for each field interpreter and land-cover classifier, as the proportion of incorrectly classified validation points. We observed (1) generally high and varying levels of interpreter error; (2) a strong relationship between interpreter and classifier error; and (3) a net positive transfer of errors from reference data to classifiers. Because classifier error seems largely driven by interpreter error at the levels commonly observed in thematically detailed land-cover mapping, we (4) recommend strategies to reduce interpreter error before modelling.

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Simensen, Trond; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal; Bryn, Anders & Halvorsen, Rune [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2026). Supporting spatial planning with high-spatial-resolution model-based ecosystem maps. Environmental impact assessment review. ISSN 0195-9255. 120. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108433. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Field-based ecosystem maps are often used to support environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in later stages of spatial planning. During the early stages, however, information on geographical distributions of ecosystems is typically unavailable. This can result in uninformed decisions, with negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although model-based maps offer low-cost wall-to-wall coverage, they are rarely used for spatial planning. Using Norway as a study system, we aimed to: (1) quantify the coverage of field-based ecosystem maps in areas reserved for development; (2) use a model-based map to assess ecosystem extents in these areas; and (3) provide guidance on how model-based maps can support spatial planning. We first collated municipality-level land-use plans and intersected these with existing field-based ecosystem maps created for EIAs. Then, we constructed a model-based map for 17 ecosystem types with a 10 m × 10 m resolution that was intersected with the unsurveyed land-use plans. We estimated that 4.2 km2 of land is reserved for development in an average municipality, of which 0.3 km2 is covered by field-based maps. Our model-based map indicates, with moderate uncertainty, that 260 km2 covered by red-listed ecosystem types is at risk of being affected if unsurveyed land reserves are developed. However, improvements in model training and uncertainty quantification methodology should be considered to increase utility of the maps. We provide guidelines for using model-based ecosystem maps in spatial planning, especially in early planning stages, aiming to support decision-making while taking the limitations of model-based maps into account.

• Simensen, Trond; Bryn, Anders; Chipperfield, Joseph; Halvorsen, Rune; Naas, Adam Eindride & Töpper, Joachim Paul [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Bruk av utbredelsesmodeller for arter og naturtyper i arealplanlegging og naturforvaltning. Kart og Plan. ISSN 0047-3278. 119(1), p. 18–35. doi: 10.18261/kp.119.1.3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  For å ivareta naturhensyn i arealplanlegging trenger vi kunnskap om hvor arter og naturtyper finnes, om bestandsstørrelser og om økologisk tilstand. Kart over registrerte forekomster er nyttige, men ofte ufullstendige. Utbredelsesmodeller kan supplere dagens arts- og naturtypekart ved å predikere sannsynlig forekomst i hele landskapet basert på kjente funn og miljødata. Slike modeller brukes mye i økologi, men sjeldnere i arealplanlegging. Dette skyldes delvis mangel på relevante modellerte kart av god nok kvalitet, delvis at modeller kan være krevende å tolke, og delvis skepsis mot bruk av modellerte data. I denne artikkelen gir vi en kort, ikke-teknisk innføring i utviklingen innen utbredelsesmodellering, viser eksempler på ulike typer utbredelsesmodeller, og foreslår en sjekkliste til støtte for bestilling, tolkning og ansvarlig bruk av utbredelsesmodeller i planlegging og naturforvaltning.

• Velle, Gaute; Bryn, Anders; Kausrud, Kyrre; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Malmstrøm, Martin & Sandercock, Brett Kevin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Cumulative impacts from co-occurring non-native species. VKM Report. 2026(03), p. 1–80. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This report examines how co-occurring non-native species can interact to create cumulative impacts on ecosystems. Non-native species may interact in additive, antagonistic, or synergistic ways. Through literature review, we found theoretical foundations and empirical examples showing that such interactions often occur. Synergistic interactions are of particular concern. Certain ecosystems appear particularly susceptible, including agricultural landscapes, urban environments, riparian systems, shipping-influenced marine areas, and islands with naïve fauna. We conclude that cumulative effects are ecologically important, and that it would be beneficial to incorporate multispecies interactions into risk assessments of non-native species in Norway.

• Bekken, Michael Andrew; Vatne, Astrid; Larsen, Poul; Ibrom, Andreas; Larsen, Klaus Steenberg & Elberling, Bo [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2025). Carbon dynamics of a controlled peatland rewetting experiment in the Norwegian boreal zone. Scientific Reports. 16(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30836-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A controlled peatland rewetting experiment was conducted on two adjacent drained peatland sites in southeastern Norway. Eddy covariance monitoring of CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes at both sites began in 2019. In 2021, the Treatment Site was rewetted while the Control Site remained drained. Using nine environmental variables and the processed flux data as training data, Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART) models were used to generate annual flux balances for CO 2 and CH 4 . The 4-year mean annual flux at the Control Site was 17.3 ± 10 g CO 2 -C m − 2 yr − 1 and 4.6 ± 0.1 g CH 4 -C m − 2 yr − 1 . At the Treatment Site, the 2-year mean annual flux before the rewetting was 12.2  ±  3.8 g CO 2 -C m − 2 yr − 1 and 1.8  ±  0.04 g CH 4 -C m − 2 yr − 1 . In the first year after rewetting the annual flux was 53.3  ±  13 g CO 2 -C m − 2 yr − 1 and 3.8  ±  0.3 g CH 4 -C m − 2 yr − 1 , and in the second year after rewetting the annual flux was 41.2  ±  18 g CO 2 -C m − 2 yr − 1 and 3.4  ±  0.4 g CH 4 -C m − 2 yr − 1 . BART counterfactual modeling was able to estimate the effect of the rewetting on CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes. Two years after the rewetting, the BART counterfactual modeling estimated that the cumulative fluxes had increased by 80.3 ± 49 g CO 2 -C m − 2 and 3.4 ± 0.47 g CH 4 -C m − 2 because of the rewetting. Carbon flux monitoring of both sites is ongoing as the Control Site remains drained and the soil and vegetation at the Treatment Site continues to adjust to the altered hydrological regime after rewetting.

• Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal; Horvath, Peter; Volden, Inger Kristine Følling; Naas, Adam Eindride; Torma, Michal & Bryn, Anders (2025). A century of treeline and forest line data for Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii across high elevations in Norway. Biodiversity Data Journal. ISSN 1314-2836. 13. doi: 10.3897/bdj.13.e160358. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The global climate is warming, especially in northern regions due to high-latitude amplification. This high-latitude warming leads to range expansion with advancing tree- and forest-lines (TFLs) in the Northern Hemisphere. However, empirical studies can rarely provide a well-documented elevational expansion rate, especially for timescales longer than 40–50 years. This study provides a unique long-term dataset on TFL dynamics of Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii in Norway, based on a combination of resampled historical data (n = 319) and new field registrations (n = 447). Our dataset includes a total of 766 registrations from five counties in Norway. In total, the dataset contains 439 treelines and 327 forest lines, most likely representing the highest recorded TFLs for the region at the given time. For all data, both resampled and new, locality, coordinates, elevation, aspect and spatial uncertainty and the resampling/sampling methods and definitions are provided. The entire material is stored and available for download through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) portal. New information This dataset includes newly-resampled TFLs, based on 57–127-year-old registrations. The entries provide elevational changes, georeferenced localities and potential sites for monitoring climate change effects. The entries enable regional analyses of TFL dynamics on intermediate timescales, including the effect of time lags. The material is available for modelling TFL range shifts along the boreal-alpine ecotone. This dataset most likely provides the highest registered Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii locations within their specific regions, thus representing the contemporary ecophysiological range limits for the life-form tree. Additional high-elevation TFL sites and localities have been added to make the material suitable for future remapping and monitoring of climatic TFL dynamics.

• Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Flø, Daniel; Malmstrøm, Martin; Nielsen, Anders; Berg, Paul Ragnar & Bryn, Anders [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of the risks of negative impact on biodiversity in Norway from import and keeping of the Turkestan cockroach (Periplaneta lateralis). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2025(07), p. 1–45. doi: https:/vkm.no/english/riskassessments/allpublications/lowriskassociatedwiththeimportandkeepingofturkestancockroach.4.78f38f6a1972b767482b0170.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has assessed the potential risk to Norwegian biodiversity associated with the import of the Turkestan cockroach, Periplaneta lateralis, as live food for hobby animals. Populations of the cockroach are nearly always found in or near buildings, and non-native populations have never been observed in natural environments. No previous observations of P. lateralis have been reported for Norway and it is very unlikely the species will be able to establish and spread into Norwegian nature due to the low winter temperatures and short summers. Furthermore, VKM find that there is low risk associated with the potential effects on biodiversity, if it against all odds, were to establish in Norway. Therefore, VKM concludes that there is low risk associated with import and keeping of P. lateralis in relation to its potential negative effect on Norwegian biodiversity.

• Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie; Horvath, Peter; Angeloff, Michael; Dramstad, Wenche; Naas, Adam Eindride & Potthoff, Kerstin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Forty years of urban development from northern Oslo (Norway): impacts inferred from in-situ remapping of detailed vegetation maps. Journal of Urban Ecology. 11(1). doi: 10.1093/jue/juaf010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Expanding cities and urban densification is one of the major threats to biodiversity, ecosystem services and human welfare. Using Oslo, the capital city of Norway, as a case study this study addresses the following questions: (i) What vegetation changes have occurred between 1980s and 2021 and to what extent? (ii) What are the potential consequences of documented changes for biodiversity and other functions of green spaces? (iii) What future direction is the present development plan aiming for? To answer these questions, detailed vegetation maps (1:10 000) of Oslo from around 1980s were remapped in situ in 2021. We present results on land cover transformations, area statistics, and analyses of ecological impacts using landscape metrics. Our results document that large areas previously covered by vegetation types and cultivated land have been lost to urban densification. Housing dominated the new use. This loss of areas with vegetation types will affect ecosystem diversity negatively. On average, the total area and the mean patch area of each vegetation type decreased, whereas the mean Euclidean nearest-neighbor distance increased. These changes have lowered connectivity and increased fragmentation. Despite explicitly stated aims, previous efforts to reduce loss of areas with high biodiversity and maintain urban green spaces have not succeeded, and the planned future urban development indicates that a further decrease will follow in the next decades.

• Phoenix, Gareth K.; Bjerke, Jarle W.; Björk, Robert G.; Blok, Daan; Bryn, Anders & Callaghan, Terry V. [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2025). Browning events in Arctic ecosystems: Diverse causes with common consequences. PLOS Climate. 4(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000570. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Arctic ecosystems are experiencing extreme climatic, biotic and physical disturbance events that can cause substantial loss of plant biomass and productivity, sometimes at scales of >1000 km2. Collectively known as browning events, these are key contributors to the spatial and temporal complexity of Arctic greening and vegetation dynamics. If we are to properly understand the future of Arctic terrestrial ecosystems, their productivity, and their feedbacks to climate, understanding browning events is essential. Here we bring together understanding of browning events in Arctic ecosystems to compare their impacts and rates of recovery, and likely future changes in frequency and distribution. We also seek commonalities in impacts across these contrasting event types. We find that while browning events can cause high levels of plant damage (up to 100% mortality), ecosystems have substantial capacity for recovery, with biomass largely re-established within five years for many events. We also find that despite the substantial loss of leaf area of dominant species, compensatory mechanisms such as increased productivity of undamaged subordinate species lessen the impacts on carbon sequestration. These commonalities hold true for most climatic and biotic events, but less so for physical events such as fire and abrupt permafrost thaw, due to the greater removal of vegetation. Counterintuitively, some events also provide conditions for greater productivity (greening) in the longer-term, particularly where the disturbance exposes ground for plant colonisation. Finally, we find that projected changes in the causes of browning events currently suggest many types of events will become more frequent, with events of tundra fire and abrupt permafrost thaw expected to be the greatest contributors to future browning due to their severe impacts and occurrence in many Arctic regions. Overall, browning events will have increasingly important consequences for ecosystem structure and function, and for feedback to climate.

• Zhu, Jiang; Tang, Hui; Fang, Keyan; Stordal, Frode; Bryn, Anders & Gao, Min [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Human Mediation of Wildfires and Its Representation in Terrestrial Ecosystem Models. Fire. 8(8). doi: 10.3390/fire8080297. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Increasing wildfires are causing global concerns about ecosystem functioning and services. Although some wildfires are caused by natural ignitions, it is also important to understand how human ignitions and human-related factors can contribute to wildfires. While dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have incorporated fire-related modules to simulate wildfires and their impacts, few models have fully considered various human-related factors causing human ignitions. Using global examples, this study aims to identify key factors associated with human impacts on wildfires and provides suggestions for enhancing model simulations. The main categories explored in this paper are human behavior and activities, socioeconomic background, policy, laws, regulations, and cultural and traditional activities, all of which can influence wildfires. Employing an integrated and interdisciplinary assessment approach, this study evaluates existing DGVMs and provides suggestions for their improvement.

• Aslaksen, Iulie; Bryn, Anders; Clemmensen, Karina Engelbrecht; Wit, Heleen de; Emanuelsson, Urban & Garnåsjordet, Per Arild [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2025). Afforestation on Nordic grasslands: Trade-offs and synergies for climate mitigation, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change (GEC) Advances. 4. doi: 10.1016/j.gecadv.2025.100015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Afforestation of abandoned grasslands has been proposed as a global climate mitigation strategy, but the climate benefits of tree planting on grasslands remain contentious. Studies worldwide indicate that grassland soils have large potential for carbon storage, while semi-natural grasslands often support high biodiversity and provide multiple ecosystem services, including grazing resources, pollinator habitats, and aesthetic landscape values. In boreal and alpine regions of the Nordic countries, grasslands sustain extensive low intensity farming, contributing to milk and meat production and enhancing food self-sufficiency. Evaluating the impact of afforestation on climate mitigation requires a comprehensive assessment that, in addition to the carbon balance, considers both geophysical forcing (such as albedo and evapotranspiration) and the broader landscape-level effects on biodiversity in displaced ecosystems. The article postulates for policy to be inclusive of both biodiversity preservation and climate change mitigation. Such an approach should be grounded in evidence-based assessments of the ecological and climate-related impacts of afforestation on the biodiversity of semi-natural grasslands.

• Nielsen, Anders; Hatteland, Bjørn Arild; Hermansen, Jo Skeie; Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Rasmussen, Claus & Seljetun, Kristin Opdal [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2024). Risks posed by managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) to wild pollinators in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2024(4), p. 1–135. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det er hovedkonklusjonen i en risikovurdering Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har gjort for Miljødirektoratet. For biearter som er avhengige av én eller få plantearter for å overleve, vurderes risikoen som høyere (medium) på grunn av mulig konkurranse med honningbier om ressursene. Dette gjelder arter som rødknappsandbie. Også for humler i ensartede landskaper med begrensede blomsterressurser vurderes risikoen som medium. Oppdrag På oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet har VKM oppsummert den tilgjengelige faglitteraturen om sammenhenger mellom hold av honningbier og deres effekter på ville pollinerende insekter, og vurdert om birøkt kan utgjøre en risiko for ville pollinatorer i Norge. VKM har også identifisert og vurdert effekten av mulige risikoreduserende tiltak. Risiko VKM har identifisert tre potensielle farer knyttet til hold av honningbier og vurdert risikoen for negative effekter på ville pollinatorer som følge av disse: Konkurranse om blomsterressurser. VKM vurderer at hold av honningbier medfører medium risiko for enkelte biearter som er avhengige av én eller få plantearter for å overleve, som rødknappsandbie og humler i ensartede landskaper med begrensede blomsterressurser. Dette skyldes mulig konkurranse om disse ressursene. For alle andre ville pollinerende insekter i Norge, vurderes risikoen fra konkurranse om blomsterressurser som lav. Spredning av patogener og parasitter. VKM vurderer at risikoen for spredning av patogener og parasitter til ville pollinerende insekter som følge av hold av honningbier er lav, delvis som følge av dagens høye hygienestandarder i norsk birøkt. Indirekte effekter som følge av endringer i plantesamfunn og predatorpopulasjoner. VKM vurderer at risikoen for at honningbier påvirker sammensetningen av plantesamfunn på en slik måte at tilgjengeligheten av blomsterressurser for ville pollinatorer reduseres, er lav. VKM vurderer også at risikoen for at predatorer av honningbier påvirker ville pollinatorer negativt er lav, da geithams er den eneste potensielle predatoren, og forekommer i lave antall og innenfor begrensede områder. Risikoreduserende tiltak VKM har identifisert og vurdert effekten av tre typer risikoreduserende tiltak som kan redusere den mulige negative effekten hold av honningbier har på ville pollinatorer i Norge: Forvaltning av blomsterressurser. Å redusere antallet honningbier eller øke mengden blomsterressurser i et område, kan minske konkurransen om blomsterressurser. Etablering av blomsterstriper og skjøtsel av stedegen flora er mulige tiltak. Kartlegging av blomsterressurser kan brukes til å anslå bæreevnen i et område og veilede plasseringen av bikuber. Fremme god helse hos honningbier. God helse blant honningbier reduserer risikoen for spredning av sykdommer og parasitter til ville pollinatorer. Risikoen for spredning av sykdommer fra honningbier til ville pollinatorer vurderes som lav i Norge, som følge av godt hygienearbeid blant norske birøktere, og effektiv overvåking fra Mattilsynet. Økt kunnskap om blomsterressurser og behovene til ville pollinatorer. Økt kunnskap om tilgjengeligheten av blomsterressurser og fødebehovene til ville pollinatorer vil kunne veilede plassering av bikuber og slik redusere potensialet for konkurranse mellom honningbier og ville pollinerende insekter.

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Halvorsen, Rune; Horvath, Peter; Mienna, Ida Marielle & Simensen, Trond [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Choice of predictors and complexity for ecosystem distribution models: effects on performance and transferability. Ecography. ISSN 0906-7590. 2024(8). doi: 10.1111/ecog.07269. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is an increasing need for ecosystem-level distribution models (EDMs) and a better understanding of which factors affect their quality. We investigated how the performance and transferability of EDMs are influenced by 1) the choice of predictors and 2) model complexity. We modelled the distribution of 15 pre-classified ecosystem types in Norway using 252 predictors gridded to 100 × 100 m resolution. The ecosystem types are major types in the ‘Nature in Norway' system mainly defined by rule-based criteria such as whether soil or specific functional groups (e.g. trees) are present. The predictors were categorised into four groups, of which three represented proxies for natural, anthropogenic, or terrain processes (‘ecological predictors') and one represented spectral and structural characteristics of the surface observable from above (‘surface predictors'). Models were generated for five levels of model complexity. Model performance and transferability were evaluated with data collected independently of th

• Velle, Gaute; Berg, Paul Ragnar; Järnegren, Johanna; Malmstrøm, Martin; Bryn, Anders & Hindar, Kjetil [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of risks posed by the import of live crabs intended for human consumption. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2024(09), p. 1–99. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Environment Agency asked VKM to evaluate the risks to biodiversity associated with the importation of eight species of live crabs intended for human consumption. Background Invasive crab species represent a significant threat to biodiversity globally due to their omnivory, adaptability to diverse habitats, high reproductive output, and aggressive behaviour. The Norwegian Environment Agency has raised concerns about the potential ecological risks posed by the import of live crabs to Norway intended for human consumption. This report provides a risk assessment of eight species of crabs that could have negative effects on native biodiversity. The species include Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), Japanese mitten crab (E. japonica), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), Atlantic rock crab (Cancer irroratus), Asian paddle crab (Charybdis japonica), common moon crab (Matuta victor), African blue swimming crab (Portunus segnis), and Harris mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii). Three of the assessed species were recently confiscated at Norway's border. This suggests a market demand that could increase the frequency of introductions to Norway. Methods VKM established a working group with expertise in invertebrates and risk assessment. The group searched scientific literature for information on the taxonomy, natural history, invasiveness, and ecology for each crab species. If scientific literature was lacking, supplemental google searches allowed for a broader understanding of species with limited research or on the use and transportation of live crabs as food. The assessment utilized the EICAT framework (Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa) to identify potential mechanisms by which each species could harm native biodiversity, should imported specimens become established in Norwegian nature. Key mechanisms include competition, predation, pathogen transmission, and hybridization. The relevant mechanisms were analysed for each species by rating the potential magnitude of impact on biodiversity from minimal to massive. The likelihood of each impact was assessed from very unlikely to very likely. A combination of magnitude of impact and likelihood resulted in final risk levels ranging from low and medium to possibly high and high. Confidence levels for each assessment were also categorized as low, medium, or high based on expert opinion. Results The potential hazards evaluated under the EICAT framework include competition, predation, and transmission of disease for all species, grazing for four species and structural impacts on the ecosystem for three species. The conditions required for crabs imported live for human consumption to reach a natural ecosystem in Norway include a commercial demand for crabs, survival during transport and handling, and the possibility of release or escape. If these conditions for reaching a natural ecosystem are met, the species must then be capable of establishment in the new ecosystem. There are several examples of species imported live for human consumption becoming established in the wild, most likely due to intentional release. The risk assessments indicate varied levels of risk across the five hazards. Competition from E. sinensis or E. japonica was assessed to pose a high risk, while competition from C. sapidus, C. irroratus, M. victor, P. segnis, or R. harrisii was assessed to pose a medium risk. Predation by E. sinensis or E. japonica was assessed to pose a high risk and predation from R. harrisii, C. sapidus, C. irroratus, M. victor, or P. segnis was assessed to pose a medium risk. Transmission of disease from either E. sinensis or E. japonica was assessed to pose a high risk, while there was a possibly high risk of disease transmission from C. irroratus. The diseases of highest concern include the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) and gaffkaemia (Aerococcus viridans var. homari). Finally, there was a moderate risk of ......

• Alemu, Diress Tsegaye; Pedersen, Christian; Krøgli, Svein Olav; Bryn, Anders; Potthoff, Kerstin & Dramstad, Wenche (2024). Grazing and recreation: Spatial cooccurrences and conflicting aims in Norwegian mountain landscapes. CATENA. ISSN 0341-8162. 244, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2024.108271. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mountain areas in Norway provide important resources for livestock grazing. These resources are crucial for agricultural production in a country with limited agricultural land and a climate and topography that restrict production of feed and food. A key contributor in the harvest of these resources has been mountain summer farming and outfield grazing in general. However, the use of mountainous grazing resources has been declining strongly for several decades with the regrowth of formerly open areas as a consequence. In contrast, recreational use, number of holiday cabins and associated infrastructure is rapidly increasing. Conflicts between recreational and agriculture use have received increasing attention in different media. We investigated the spatial patterns of cabin development and key grazing areas in Norwegian mountain areas, analysing data on livestock, cabins, and associated infrastructure. We found a large number of cabins and associated infrastructure within high-quality grazing areas indicating that the quality of grazing has not been adequately considered in the location of new cabins. Taking into consideration that cabin development seems not to decrease, the reduced availability of grazing resources may result in an increasing level of conflict and also impact food security in the long run.

• Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Kausrud, Kyrre Linné; Malmstrøm, Martin; Berg, Paul Ragnar; Bryn, Anders & Hindar, Kjetil [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessment of risks posed by import of live medicinal leeches to biodiversity in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2024(07), p. 1–66. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Environment Agency has asked VKM to evaluate the risks to biodiversity associated with the import of two species of leeches to Norway, Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbana (so-called medicinal leeches). In addition, they ask that the project group suggest mitigating measures that could reduce any potential risks, should import of the two species be granted. Background Bloodsucking leeches have been employed by humans for millennia. The two species Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbana have dominated the trade in medicinal leeches in Europe. Overcollection combined with loss or degradation of freshwater habitats led to a precipitous decline in European populations by the 1800s and led to a corresponding increase in imports from Turkey, North Africa, Russia and the Middle East. By the turn of the 19th century, the demand for live leeches in Europe had tapered off as contemporary medicine developed, only to have a small resurgence over the last decades as live leeches became recognized as useful for a variety of medical and cosmetic procedures, and to be the source of bioactive molecules of interest to medical researchers. As traditional medicine in Asia also uses a variety of leech products, there is a robust global market for live leeches and leech derivatives that is being met mostly by leech aquaculture, where the live leech trade seems dominated by H. verbana. There is increasing interest in commercializing production and sale of three similar leech species, H. orientalis from Central Asia, H. sulukii from a small region in Turkey, and H. troctina from North Africa. Hirudo medicinalis has been used medicinally in Norway since at least the Middle Ages when they were used by barber-surgeons for bloodletting. Leeches have been dispensed by apothecaries up until the end of the 1950s. Phylogeographic studies have treated the species as native to southern Norway and the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre has numerous records of H. medicinalis, with recent records primarily from the eastern coast of southern Norway. The Norwegian Red List for Species categorizes H. medicinalis as being of Least Concern in Norway. Hirudo verbana naturally occurs in southern Europe and has not been observed in Scandinavia so far (see map in Figure 2). Methods for the risk assessment VKM established a small working group with expertise in invertebrates and risk assessment. Our group combed the scientific literature and relevant websites for information on the taxonomy, natural history, ecology, and medical uses of medicinal leeches broadly and H. medicinalis and H. verbana specifically. The project group contacted major leech providers in Europe and North America to learn more about leech production and sale. Using the EICAT (Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa) system developed by the IUCN, The project group identified those mechanisms (“hazards”) through which these two species could affect native biodiversity in Norway should imported specimens become established in Norwegian nature, and characterized the risk related to each of these hazards. The project group then conducted a semi-quantitative risk assessment for the species according to four categories: Low, Medium, Possibly high, and High risk. Hazards: how likely, how impactful, and overall risks In our report, VKM regard H. medicinalis as a native species, since it is so treated by Hirudo experts and is widespread in Norway. The project group regards H. verbana as non-native to Norway. The potential hazards from the EICAT system that could be associated with introducing one or both species include predation and parasitism, competition, disease transmission, and hybridization. ................................ .................................... Conclusions VKM concludes that the overall risk to biodiversity in Norway from importing live H. medicinalis and H. verbana is low.

• Järnegren, Johanna; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Husa, Vivian; Malmstrøm, Martin; Oug, Eivind & Berg, Paul Ragnar [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of risk and risk-reducing measures related to the introduction and dispersal of the invasive alien carpet tunicate Didemnum vexillum in Norway. VKM Report. 2023(7), p. 1–124. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Didemnum vexillum is colonial sea squirt, a marine species which originates from the northwest Pacific; it was first recorded in Norway in November 2020. Didemnum vexillum is an alien species, meaning that it is a species that has been transferred from its original region to other regions of the world through human activity, and it had not previously been recorded in Norwegian waters. The species is regarded as having great invasive potential and having strong negative ecological effects on biodiversity. It is also considered to pose a risk to marine industries such as shipping and aquaculture, with possible major negative economic impacts.

• Keetz, Lasse Torben; Lieungh, Eva; Karimi-Asli, Kaveh; Geange, Sonya Rita; Gelati, Emiliano & Tang, Hui [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2023). Climate–ecosystem modelling made easy: The Land Sites Platform. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 29(15), p. 4440–4452. doi: 10.1111/gcb.16808. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) provide a state-of-the-art process-based approach to study the complex interplay between vegetation and its physical environment. For example, they help to predict how terrestrial plants interact with climate, soils, disturbance and competition for resources. We argue that there is untapped potential for the use of DGVMs in ecological and ecophysiological research. One fundamental barrier to realize this potential is that many researchers with relevant expertize (ecology, plant physiology, soil science, etc.) lack access to the technical resources or awareness of the research potential of DGVMs. Here we present the Land Sites Platform (LSP): new software that facilitates single-site simulations with the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator, an advanced DGVM coupled with the Community Land Model. The LSP includes a Graphical User Interface and an Application Programming Interface, which improve the user experience and lower the technical thresholds for installing these model architectures and setting up model experiments. The software is distributed via version-controlled containers; researchers and students can run simulations directly on their personal computers or servers, with relatively low hardware requirements, and on different operating systems. Version 1.0 of the LSP supports site-level simulations. We provide input data for 20 established geo-ecological observation sites in Norway and workflows to add generic sites from public global datasets. The LSP makes standard model experiments with default data easily achievable (e.g., for educational or introductory purposes) while retaining flexibility for more advanced scientific uses. We further provide tools to visualize the model input and output, including simple examples to relate predictions to local observations. The LSP improves access to land surface and DGVM modelling as a building block of community cyberinfrastructure that may inspire new avenues for mechanistic ecosystem research across disciplines.

• Nielsen, Anders; Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Stenberg, Johan A.; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Berg, Paul Ragnar & Bryn, Anders [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk assessment of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus for biological control of varroa mites in beehives. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2023(6), p. 1–29. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: apiculture, biological control, Norwegian Environment Agency, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, predatory mites, risk assessment, varroa Introduction The Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) have asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment for an assessment of adverse impacts on biodiversity concerning import and release of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus as measure against varroa mites (Varroa destructor) in apiaries. The predatory mite is already in use in Norwegian greenhouses and polytunnels as a biological control agent against dark-winged fungus gnats in a various of plant cultures. The NEA has received an application for a new type of use: to combat varroa mites in apiaries. Background Varroa destructor (the varroa mite) is a species of parasitic mite that feeds externally on honeybees; it is considered one of the major threats to beekeeping world-wide due to its parasitic behaviour and because it acts as a vector for several viral and bacterial bee pathogens. Beekeepers in North America have begun experimenting with introducing Stratiolaelaps scimitus, a commercially available predaceous mite originally used for biocontrol in greenhouses and polytunnels, to control varroa mites, and several studies on the use of the mite in this context have been published recently. The Norwegian Environment Agency has asked VKM to assess the risk to biological diversity in Norway associated with this new use of S. scimitus, and to assess the effects of climate change on any risks that are proposed. Stratiolaelaps scimitus is a tiny (0.5 mm), soil-dwelling predaceous mite that in nature feeds on a wide variety of soil invertebrates, including fly larvae, nematodes, nymphs of thrips, potworms (oligochaetes), springtails, and other mites. For over three decades, Stratiolaelaps scimitus has been produced commercially and the species is now used globally for biological control. The mite is applied to control a wide variety of organisms harmful to food production or to the production of ornamental plants, but especially to combat infestations of fungus gnat larvae, spider mites, flower thrips, and certain plant-feeding nematodes. The species is already used as a biocontrol agent in Norway in greenhouses, open plastic polytunnels used for protecting crops, and in various indoor plantings and fungiculture. Methods VKM established a project group with expertise in entomology, invasion ecology, honeybee behaviour and ecology, and risk analysis of biological control agents. The group conducted systematic literature searches and scrutinized the relevant literature that was found. In the absence of Norwegian studies, VKM relied on literature from other countries. Results and conclusions This VKM assessment concludes with medium confidence that introducing S. scimitus for use in beehives would not significantly increase the probability of establishment and spread of S. scimitus above that of its current use. We point out that there is no evidence that continuous use of S. scimitus in Norway, over decades, has led to its establishment outside of enclosures, including open polytunnels. The optimal temperature for development and reproduction is far higher than what is normally observed in Norway (~28 °C). Although lethal temperature has been reported to be as low as –5.2 °C, we still conclude that S. scimitus would not be able to establish permanent populations in Norway, not even in the southern part of the country as such temperatures are expected to occur in some years throughout the country. Future climate change is not believed to alter this conclusion, since periods with lethally cold temperatures are expected to still occur in the future.

• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Braastad, Bjarne Olai; Dale, Svein; Dervo, Børre Kind; Kausrud, Kyrre Linné & Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of the risks posed by domestic cats (Felis catus) to biodiversity and animal welfare in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2023(23), p. 1–228. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has evaluated to what extent keeping of cats pose a risk to biodiversity in Norway. Risks were assessed separately for threats to biodiversity from direct predation, indirect (non-lethal) effects, competition with other wildlife and spread of infectious organisms. VKM also assessed the risk of reduced animal welfare related to the keeping of domestic cats, both for the cats and their prey. In addition, VKM has assessed a range of risk-reducing measures aimed at minimizing the risk for negative impacts on biodiversity and animal welfare. Overall, VKM find that the risk of negative impact on vulnerable birds and red-listed mammalian species are high under certain conditions. VKM also find that there is a considerable risk associated with increased spread of infectious organisms from cats to wildlife and other domestic species. Some of these infectious organisms may also infect humans. With respect to mitigation measures, VKM concludes that measures focused on limiting cats’ access to prey populations are likely to yield the most positive outcomes in terms of mitigating the adverse impact on biodiversity.

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Halvorsen, Rune; Horvath, Peter; Wollan, Anders Kvalvåg; Bratli, Harald & Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2023). What explains inconsistencies in field-based ecosystem mapping? Applied Vegetation Science. ISSN 1402-2001. 26(1). doi: 10.1111/avsc.12715. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Questions Field-based ecosystem mapping is prone to observer bias, typically resulting in a mismatch between maps made by different mappers, that is, inconsistency. Experimental studies testing the influence of site, mapping scale, and differences in experience level on inconsistency in field-based ecosystem mapping are lacking. Here, we study how inconsistencies in field-based ecosystem maps depend on these factors. Location Iškoras and Guollemuorsuolu, northeastern Norway, and Landsvik and Lygra, western Norway. Methods In a balanced experiment, four sites were field-mapped wall-to-wall to scales 1:5000 and 1:20,000 by 12 mappers, representing three experience levels. Thematic inconsistency was calculated by overlay analysis of map pairs from the same site, mapped to the same scale. We tested for significant differences between sites, scales, and experience-level groups. Principal components analysis was used in an analysis of additional map inconsistencies and their relationships with site, scale and differences in experience level and time consumption were analysed with redundancy analysis. Results On average, thematic inconsistency was 51%. The most important predictor for thematic inconsistency, and for all map inconsistencies, was site. Scale and its interaction with site predicted map inconsistencies, but only the latter were important for thematic inconsistency. The only experience-level group that differed significantly from the mean thematic inconsistency was that of the most experienced mappers, with nine percentage points. Experience had no significant effect on map inconsistency as a whole. Conclusion Thematic inconsistency was high for all but the dominant thematic units, with potentially adverse consequences for mapping ecosystems that are fragmented or have low coverage. Interactions between site and mapping system properties are considered the main reasons why no relationships between scale and thematic inconsistency were observed. More controlled experiments are needed to quantify the effect of other factors on inconsistency in field-based mapping.

• Wang, You-Ren; Samset, Bjørn Hallvard; Stordal, Frode; Bryn, Anders & Hessen, Dag Olav (2023). Past and future trends of diurnal temperature range and their correlation with vegetation assessed by MODIS and CMIP6. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 904. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166727. Full text in Research Archive
• Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Bryn, Anders; Flø, Daniel; Malmstrøm, Martin; Velle, Gaute & Berg, Paul Ragnar [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from private import and keeping of Northern Cardinal. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2023(18), p. 1–87. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has evaluated the risk to biodiversity from allowing private import and keeping of the Northern Cardinal as a caged bird in Norway, for birds acquired through the bird trade. VKM has reviewed the invasion ecology of non-native birds in general and of the Northern Cardinal specifically. The assessment includes evaluation of various mechanisms that invasive birds generally have a negative impact through, and includes competition, hybridization, spread of pathogens and interactions with other alien species in Norway. VKM has also evaluated two different scenarios establishment and how climate change can influence both the negative impact and the likelihood of establishment. Overall, VKM finds that there is low risk in regards negative effects on biodiversity in Norway in regard to import and keeping of the Northern Cardinal.

• Pirk, Norbert; Aalstad, Kristoffer; Yilmaz, Yeliz A.; Vatne, Astrid; Popp, Andrea & Horvath, Peter [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Snow-vegetation-atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra. Biogeosciences. ISSN 1726-4170. 20(11), p. 2031–2047. doi: 10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The interannual variability of snow cover in alpine areas is increasing, which may affect the tightly coupled cycles of carbon and water through snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions across a range of spatio-temporal scales. To explore the role of snow cover for the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and water vapor in alpine tundra ecosystems, we combined 3 years (2019–2021) of continuous eddy covariance flux measurements of the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) from the Finse site in alpine Norway (1210 m a.s.l.) with a ground-based ecosystem-type classification and satellite imagery from Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, and MODIS. While the snow conditions in 2019 and 2021 can be described as site typical, 2020 features an extreme snow accumulation associated with a strong negative phase of the Scandinavian pattern of the synoptic atmospheric circulation during spring. This extreme snow accumulation caused a 1-month delay in melt-out date, which falls in the 92nd percentile in the distribution of yearly melt-out dates in the period 2001–2021. The melt-out dates follow a consistent fine-scale spatial relationship with ecosystem types across years. Mountain and lichen heathlands melt out more heterogeneously than fens and flood plains, while late snowbeds melt out up to 1 month later than the other ecosystem types. While the summertime average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was reduced considerably during the extreme-snow year 2020, it reached the same maximum as in the other years for all but one of the ecosystem types (late snowbeds), indicating that the delayed onset of vegetation growth is compensated to the same maximum productivity. Eddy covariance estimates of NEE and ET are gap-filled separately for two wind sectors using a random forest regression model to account for complex and nonlinear ecohydrological interactions. While the two wind sectors differ markedly in vegetation composition and flux magnitudes, their flux response is controlled by the same drivers as estimated by the predictor importance of the random forest model, as well as by the high correlation of flux magnitudes (correlation coefficient r=0.92 for NEE and r=0.89 for ET) between both areas. The 1-month delay of the start of the snow-free season in 2020 reduced the total annual ET by 50 % compared to 2019 and 2021 and reduced the growing-season carbon assimilation to turn the ecosystem from a moderate annual carbon sink (−31 to −6 gC m−2 yr−1) to a source (34 to 20 gC m−2 yr−1). These results underpin the strong dependence of ecosystem structure and functioning on snow dynamics, whose anomalies can result in important ecological extreme events for alpine ecosystems.

• Mienna, Ida Marielle; Klanderud, Kari; Ørka, Hans Ole; Bryn, Anders & Bollandsås, Ole Martin (2022). Land cover classification of treeline ecotones along a 1100 km latitudinal transect using spectral- and three-dimensional information from UAV-based aerial imagery. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. 8(4), p. 536–550. doi: 10.1002/rse2.260. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The alpine treeline ecotone is expected to move upwards in elevation with global warming. Thus, mapping treeline ecotones is crucial in monitoring potential changes. Previous remote sensing studies have focused on the usage of satellites and aircrafts for mapping the treeline ecotone. However, treeline ecotones can be highly heterogenous, and thus the use of imagery with higher spatial resolution should be investigated. We evaluate the potential of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the collection of ultra-high spatial resolution imagery for mapping treeline ecotone land covers. We acquired imagery and field reference data from 32 treeline ecotone sites along a 1100 km latitudinal gradient in Norway (60–69°N). Before classification, we performed a superpixel segmentation of the UAV-derived orthomosaics and assigned land cover classes to segments: rock, water, snow, shadow, wetland, tree-covered area and five classes within the ridge-snowbed gradient. We calculated features providing spectral, textural, three-dimensional vegetation structure, topographical and shape information for the classification. To evaluate the influence of acquisition time during the growing season and geographical variations, we performed four sets of classifications: global, seasonal-based, geographical regional-based and seasonal-regional-based. We found no differences in overall accuracy (OA) between the different classifications, and the global model with observations irrespective of data acquisition timing and geographical region had an OA of 73%. When accounting for similarities between closely related classes along the ridge-snowbed gradient, the accuracy increased to 92.6%. We found spectral features related to visible, red-edge and near-infrared bands to be the most important to predict treeline ecotone land cover classes. Our results show that the use of UAVs is efficient in mapping treeline ecotones, and that data can be acquired irrespective of timing within a growing season and geographical region to get accurate land cover maps. This can overcome constraints of a short field-season or low-resolution remote sensing data.

• Rueness, Eli Knispel; Asmyhr, Maria Gulbrandsen; Basic, Dean; Eldegard, Katrine; Janczak, Andrew M. & Pedersen, Hans Christian [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). The release of common pheasants and grey partridges for pointing dog training- consequences for biodiversity, animal welfare and health. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Since the late 1800s, an unknown number of common pheasants and grey partridges from captive bred stocks have been released in Norwegian nature. The birds are released to be used for training of pointing dogs. The import, keeping and release of gamebirds, as well as the management of release sites, have been largely unregulated. The consequences to biodiversity, animal health and welfare have not been investigated. The Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) and the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) have jointly requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) for a scientific opinion on the release of common pheasants and grey partridges for pointing dog training regarding consequences for biodiversity, animal welfare of the released birds and health of the released birds as well as wild birds to which pathogens may be transmitted. VKM was further asked to suggest risk reducing measures for biodiversity and animal welfare. Methods VKM established a project group with expertise within avian ecology, landscape ecology, population biology, wildlife veterinary medicine and animal welfare. The group conducted systematic literature searches, scrutinized the resulting literature, and supplemented by other relevant articles and reports. In the absence of Norwegian studies, VKM used literature from other countries where common pheasants and grey partridges (and in some cases other gamebirds), are released, as references. The project group applied observation data of common pheasants and grey partridges in Norway for the period 2000-2022, presented by the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC). In the assessments, VKM assumed that the release of birds will be in the same order of magnitude as in previous years (a few thousand birds annually on a national level). The number of release sites and the density of released birds per site are unknown. Increasing the number and density of birds would also increase the probability of negative effects and the severity of the consequences. VKM assessed the impacts of released common pheasants and grey partridges on competition, predation, hybridization, transmission of disease, herbivory and indirect impacts through interactions with other species (predator abundance and pathogen-mediated competition). VKM also assessed the impact on biodiversity in a 50-year perspective. Furthermore, VKM discusses how the birds’ welfare might be impacted by rearing, transport, release and exposure to pointing dogs. Finally, VKM provides a list of relevant diseases and assessed their potential impact on animal health during transport, rearing and release. Results and conclusions VKMs assessment show that there are several risks to biodiversity, animal health, and animal welfare from the release of captive bred common pheasants and grey partridges in Norway. The risk of increased competition for food, particularly in winter, with birds with similar niches as common pheasants and grey partridges, is low on a national scale and moderat on a local scale. This is particularly so for yellowhammer, Emberiza citronella, a species categorized as vulnerable on the national red list due to its progressive population decline caused by reduced availability of food during winter. There is a moderate risk for predation on invertebrates and negative impacts on flora. Indirectly, activities connected to the release of birds may lead to moderate risks of altered predator abundance and disease-mediated competition. VKM concludes that the ecological impacts will be more severe for redlisted species present within the release areas for common pheasants and grey partridges. Repeated release of common pheasants and grey partridges can lead to high risk of disease transmission to wild birds. .............

• Bryn, Anders & Potthoff, Kerstin (2022). Assessing the impact of climate change versus land use on tree- and forest line dynamics in Norway. In Schickhoff, Udo; Singh, R.B. & Mal, Suraj (Ed.), Mountain Landscapes in Transition. Effects of Land Use and Climate Change. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030702373. p. 613–626. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-70238-0_29. Full text in Research Archive
• Beigaitė, Rita; Tang, Hui; Bryn, Anders; Skarpaas, Olav; Stordal, Frode & Bjerke, Jarle W. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Identifying climate thresholds for dominant natural vegetation types at the global scale using machine learning: Average climate versus extremes. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 28(11), p. 3557–3579. doi: 10.1111/gcb.16110. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The global distribution of vegetation is largely determined by climatic conditions and feeds back into the climate system. To predict future vegetation changes in response to climate change, it is crucial to identify and understand key patterns and processes that couple vegetation and climate. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have been widely applied to describe the distribution of vegetation types and their future dynamics in response to climate change. As a process- based approach, it partly relies on hard- coded climate thresholds to constrain the distribution of vegetation. What thresholds to implement in DGVMs and how to replace them with more processbased descriptions remain among the major challenges. In this study, we employ machine learning using decision trees to extract large- scale relationships between the global distribution of vegetation and climatic characteristics from remotely sensed vegetation and climate data. We analyse how the dominant vegetation types are linked to climate extremes as compared to seasonally or annually averaged climatic conditions. The results show that climate extremes allow us to describe the distribution and eco- climatological space of the vegetation types more accurately than the averaged climate variables, especially those types which occupy small territories in a relatively homogeneous ecological space. Future predicted vegetation changes using both climate extremes and averaged climate variables are less prominent than that predicted by averaged climate variables and are in better agreement with those of DGVMs, further indicating the importance of climate extremes in determining geographic distributions of different vegetation types. We found that the temperature thresholds for vegetation types (e.g. grass and open shrubland) in cold environments vary with moisture conditions. The coldest daily maximum temperature (extreme cold day) is particularly important for separating many different vegetation types. These findings highlight the need for a more explicit representation of the impacts of climate extremes on vegetation in DGVMs. climate extremes , climate thresholds , decision trees , DGVMs , machine learning , vegetation distribution

• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Bustnes, Jan Ove; Bårdsen, Bård-Jørgen; Eldegard, Katrine; Kausrud, Kyrre & Sandercock, Brett [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2022). Assessment of risks to wildlife and animal welfare associated with Lodden, Sami traditional hunting of ducks in spring. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biodiversity of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Spring hunting for ducks (Lodden in Northern Sami) is part of the Sami hunting and trapping culture. In Norway, this traditional hunting has been permitted in Kautokeino Municipality in accordance with the exception provision in the Wildlife Act Section 15, with quotas for males of several duck species. However, hunting in the spring may be in conflict with the Nature Diversity Act's principle for species management, saying (quote from Section 15): “Unnecessary harm and suffering caused to animals occurring in the wild and their nests, lairs and burrows shall be avoided. Likewise, unnecessary pursuing of wildlife shall be avoided.” Furthermore, in accordance with international legislation and agreements, the Wildlife Act (Section 9) states that the hunting season should not be set to the nesting and breeding season for the species in question. The Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) asked VKM to (1) assess risk and risk-reducing measures on biodiversity and animal welfare when conducting spring hunting of ducks. The terms of reference were additionally clarified by the NEA to include assessments of the risks associated with hunting quotas of up to 150, 300, and 500 male individuals, on the populations of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), common scoter (Melanitta nigra), long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), and red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator). VKM was furthermore asked to (2) point out risk-reducing measures in scenarios with hunting bags corresponding to the mentioned quotas of all the six species. Method VKM appointed a project group to answer the request from NEA and assess the risks to biodiversity and animal welfare posed by spring hunting for adult male ducks. The project group narrowed down the scope of the biodiversity risk assessment to encompass risks for local populations of six target species: mallard, tufted duck, velvet scoter, common scoter, long-tailed duck, and red-breasted merganser, and non-target migratory waterbirds. Negative impacts on biodiversity was defined as negative effects on population viability. The VKM project group gathered data from publications retrieved from literature searches and reports from Kautokeino municipality to the Finnmark Estate (Finnmarkseiendommen), which were made available to the group by the Norwegian Environment Agency. Hunting statistics were acquired from Statistics Norway (Statistisk sentralbyrå; SSB). During the assessment, several critical knowledge gaps and uncertainties were identified. The main obstacle for assessment of the impact of spring hunting on viability of local populations in Kautokeino, is the lack of data on relevant population sizes and demographic rates for the six target species. The available population estimates are partly based on almost 30-year-old bird counts. In addition, knowledge about spatial and temporal distributions of each species, combined with local or remote-sensed data on ice breakup, is needed to estimate the proportion of the population being effectively hunted in early spring when ducks are congregating on available ice-free waters. Such knowledge, combined with information about where, when, how and by how many hunters the hunting is performed, is also critical for sound assessments of risk to biodiversity and harm to bird welfare. Improved data on hunting bags (reliable, spatially explicit, and detailed) and frequency of wounding and crippling is also needed to provide accurate assessments. The project group performed modelling of harvest scenarios for a range of conditions (e.g., number of birds harvested, reduced breeding success caused by indirect effects of disturbance, environmental stochasticity, and spatial variation in habitat) to assess how sensitive the populations are to different parameters and model assumptions. ..............................

• Tonjer, Lea-Rebekka; Thoen, Ella; N, Luis Morgado; Botnen, Synnøve; Mundra, Sunil & Nybakken, Line [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Fungal community dynamics across a forest–alpine ecotone. Molecular Ecology. ISSN 0962-1083. 30(19), p. 4926–4938. doi: 10.1111/mec.16095. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Climate change is causing upward shift of forest lines worldwide, with consequences for soil biota and carbon (C) sequestration. We here analyse compositional changes in the soil biota across the forest line ecotone, an important transition zone between different ecosystems. We collected soil samples along transects stretching from subalpine mountain birch forests to alpine heath. Soil fungi and micro-eukaryotes were surveyed using DNA metabarcoding of the ITS2 and 18S markers, while ergosterol was used to quantify fungal biomass. We observed a strong shift in the soil biota across the forest line ecotone: Below the forest line, there were higher proportions of basidiomycetes and mucoromycetes, including ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. Above it, we observed relatively more root-associated ascomycetes, including Archaeorhizomycetes, ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes. Ergosterol and percentage C content in soil correlated strongly and positively with the abundance of root-associated ascomycetes. The predominance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi below the forest line probably promote high C turnover, while root-associated ascomycetes above the forest line may enhance C sequestration. With further rise in forest lines, there will be a corresponding shift in the below-ground biota, probably leading to enhanced release of soil C.

• Horvath, Peter; Tang, Hui; Halvorsen, Rune; Stordal, Frode; Tallaksen, Lena M. & Berntsen, Terje Koren [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Improving the representation of high-latitude vegetation distribution in dynamic global vegetation models. Biogeosciences. ISSN 1726-4170. 18(1), p. 95–112. doi: 10.5194/bg-18-95-2021. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vegetation is an important component in global ecosystems, affecting the physical, hydrological and biogeochemical properties of the land surface. Accordingly, the way vegetation is parameterized strongly influences predictions of future climate by Earth system models. To capture future spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and its feedbacks to the climate system, dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are included as important components of land surface models. Variation in the predicted vegetation cover from DGVMs therefore has large impacts on modelled radiative and non-radiative properties, especially over high-latitude regions. DGVMs are mostly evaluated by remotely sensed products and less often by other vegetation products or by in situ field observations. In this study, we evaluate the performance of three methods for spatial representation of present-day vegetation cover with respect to prediction of plant functional type (PFT) profiles – one based upon distribution models (DMs), one that uses a remote sensing (RS) dataset and a DGVM (CLM4.5BGCDV; Community Land Model 4.5 Bio-Geo-Chemical cycles and Dynamical Vegetation). While DGVMs predict PFT profiles based on physiological and ecological processes, a DM relies on statistical correlations between a set of predictors and the modelled target, and the RS dataset is based on classification of spectral reflectance patterns of satellite images. PFT profiles obtained from an independently collected field-based vegetation dataset from Norway were used for the evaluation. We found that RS-based PFT profiles matched the reference dataset best, closely followed by DM, whereas predictions from DGVMs often deviated strongly from the reference. DGVM predictions overestimated the area covered by boreal needleleaf evergreen trees and bare ground at the expense of boreal broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs. Based on environmental predictors identified by DM as important, three new environmental variables (e.g. minimum temperature in May, snow water equivalent in October and precipitation seasonality) were selected as the threshold for the establishment of these high-latitude PFTs. We performed a series of sensitivity experiments to investigate if these thresholds improve the performance of the DGVM method. Based on our results, we suggest implementation of one of these novel PFT-specific thresholds (i.e. precipitation seasonality) in the DGVM method. The results highlight the potential of using PFT-specific thresholds obtained by DM in development of DGVMs in broader regions. Also, we emphasize the potential of establishing DMs as a reliable method for providing PFT distributions for evaluation of DGVMs alongside RS.

• Horvath, Peter; Halvorsen, Rune; Simensen, Trond & Bryn, Anders (2021). A comparison of three ways to assemble wall-to-wall maps from distribution models of vegetation types. GIScience & Remote Sensing. ISSN 1548-1603. 58(8), p. 1458–1476. doi: 10.1080/15481603.2021.1996313. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Distribution modeling methods are used to provide occurrence probability surfaces for modeled targets. While most often used for modeling species, distribution modeling methods can also be applied to vegetation types. However, surfaces provided by distribution modeling need to be transformed into classified wall-to-wall maps of vegetation types to be useful for practical purposes, such as nature management and environmental planning. The paper compares the performance of three methods for assembling predictions for multiple vegetation types, modeled individually, into a wall-to-wall map. The authors used grid-cell based probability surfaces from distribution models of 31 vegetation types to test the three assembly methods. The first, a probability-based method, selected for each grid cell the vegetation type with the highest predicted probability of occurrence in that cell. The second, a performance-based method, assigned the vegetation types, ordered from high to low model performance, to a fraction of the grid cells given by the vegetation type’s prevalence in the study area. The third, a prevalence-based method, differed from the performance-based method by assigning vegetation types in the order from low to high prevalence. Thus the assembly methods worked in two principally different ways: the probability-based method assigned vegetation types to grid cells in a cell-by-cell manner, and both the performance-based method and prevalence-based method assigned them in a type-by-type manner. All methods were evaluated by use of reference data collected in the field, more or less independently of the data used to parameterize the vegetation-type models. Quantity, allocation, and total disagreement, as well as proportional dissimilarity metrics, were used for evaluation of assembly methods. Overlay analysis showed 38.1% agreement between all three assembly methods. The probability-based method had the lowest total disagreement with, and proportional dissimilarity from, the reference datasets, but the differences between the three methods were small. The three assembly methods differed strongly with respect to the distribution of the total disagreement on its quantity and allocation components: the cell-by-cell assignment method strongly favored allocation disagreement and the type-by-type methods strongly favored quantity disagreement. The probability-based method best reproduced the general pattern of variation across the study area, but at the cost of many rare vegetation types, which were left out of the assembled map. By contrast, the prevalence-based and performance-based methods represented vegetation types in accordance with nationwide area statistics. The results show that maps of vegetation types with wall-to-wall coverage can be assembled from individual distribution models with a quality acceptable for indicative purposes, but all the three tested methods currently also have shortcomings. The results also indicate specific points in the methodology for map assembly that may be improved. area frame survey, assembly strategies, distribution modeling, spatial probabilities, vegetation mapping, vegetation types

• Bryn, Anders; Bekkby, Trine; Rinde, Eli; Gundersen, Hege & Halvorsen, Rune (2021). Reliability in Distribution Modeling—A Synthesis and Step-by-Step Guidelines for Improved Practice. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.658713. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Information about the distribution of a study object (e.g., species or habitat) is essential in face of increasing pressure from land or sea use, and climate change. Distribution models are instrumental for acquiring such information, but also encumbered by uncertainties caused by different sources of error, bias and inaccuracy that need to be dealt with. In this paper we identify the most common sources of uncertainties and link them to different phases in the modeling process. Our aim is to outline the implications of these uncertainties for the reliability of distribution models and to summarize the precautions needed to be taken. We performed a step-by-step assessment of errors, biases and inaccuracies related to the five main steps in a standard distribution modeling process: (1) ecological understanding, assumptions and problem formulation; (2) data collection and preparation; (3) choice of modeling method, model tuning and parameterization; (4) evaluation of models; and, finally, (5) implementation and use. Our synthesis highlights the need to consider the entire distribution modeling process when the reliability and applicability of the models are assessed. A key recommendation is to evaluate the model properly by use of a dataset that is collected independently of the training data. We support initiatives to establish international protocols and open geodatabases for distribution models.

• Haga, Hannah Emma Emilie Strømsrud; Nilsen, Anne-Barbi; Ullerud, Heidrun Asgeirsdatter & Bryn, Anders (2021). Quantification of accuracy in field-based land cover maps: A new method to separate different components. Applied Vegetation Science. ISSN 1402-2001. 24(2), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12578. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim Many thematic land cover maps, such as maps of vegetation types, are based on field inventories. Studies show inconsistencies among field workers in such maps, explained by inter-observer variation in classification and/or spatial delineation of polygons. In this study, we have tested a new method to assess the accuracy of these two components independently. Location Four study sites dominated by different ecosystems in southeast Norway. Methods We have used a vegetation-based land cover classification system adapted to a map scale of 1:5,000. First, a consensus map, a map that can be considered an approximation of a flawless map, was established. Secondly, the consensus map was adapted to test the accuracy of classification and polygon delineation independently. We used 10 field workers to generate a consensus map, and 14 new field workers (in pairs) to test the accuracy (n = 7). Results The results show that the accuracy of polygon delineation is lower than that of land cover classification. This is in contrast with previous studies, but previous research designs have not enabled a separation of the two accuracy components. Conclusion We recommend strengthening the training and harmonization of field workers in general, and increasing the emphasis on polygon delineation.

• Dramstad, Wenche; Sang, Neil; Mathiesen, Henrik Forsberg & Bryn, Anders (2021). Five ways of characterizing agricultural land use dynamics and abandonment from subsidy data. Land. 10(11), p. 1–17. doi: 10.3390/land10111136. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abandonment of agricultural land is a process described from different regions of many industrialized countries. Given the current focus on land use, land use change and food security, it appears highly relevant to develop improved tools to identify and monitor the dynamics of agricultural land abandonment. In particular, the temporal aspect of abandonment needs to be assessed and discussed. In this study, we used the detailed information available through the Norwegian subsidy claim database and analyzed the history of use of unique land parcels through a fourteen-year period. We developed and tested five different statistics identifying these land parcels, their temporal dynamics and the extent of occurrence. What became apparent was that a large number of land parcels existing in the database as agricultural land were taken out of production, but then entered into production again at a later stage. We believe that this approach to describe the temporal dynamics of land abandonment, including how it can be measured and mapped, may contribute to the understanding of the dynamics in land abandonment, and thus also contribute to an improved understanding of the food production system.

• Simensen, Trond; Horvath, Peter; Vollering, Julien; Erikstad, Lars; Halvorsen, Rune & Bryn, Anders (2020). Composite landscape predictors improve distribution models of ecosystem types. Diversity and Distributions: A Journal of Conservation Biogeography. ISSN 1366-9516. 26(8), p. 928–943. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13060. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: Distribution modelling is a useful approach to obtain knowledge about the spatial distribution of biodiversity, required for, for example, red-list assessments. While distribution modelling methods have been applied mostly to single species, modelling of communities and ecosystems (EDM; ecosystem-level distribution modelling) produces results that are more directly relevant for management and decision-making. Although the choice of predictors is a pivotal part of the modelling process, few studies have compared the suitability of different sets of predictors for EDM. In this study, we compare the performance of 50 single environmental variables with that of 11 composite landscape gradients (CLGs) for prediction of ecosystem types. The CLGs represent gradients in landscape element composition derived from multivariate analyses, for example “inner-outer coast” and “land use intensity.” Location: Norway. Methods: We used data from field-based ecosystem-type mapping of nine ecosystem types, and environmental variables with a resolution of 100 × 100 m. We built nine models for each ecosystem type with variables from different predictor sets. Logistic regression with forward selection of variables was used for EDM. Models were evaluated with independently collected data. Results: Most ecosystem types could be predicted reliably, although model performance differed among ecosystem types. We identified significant differences in predictive power and model parsimony across models built from different predictor sets. Climatic variables alone performed poorly, indicating that the current climate alone is not sufficient to predict the current distribution of ecosystems. Used alone, the CLGs resulted in parsimonious models with relatively high predictive power. Used together with other variables, they consistently improved the models. Main conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of variable selection in EDM. We argue that the use of composite variables as proxies for complex environmental gradients has the potential to improve predictions from EDMs and thus to inform conservation planning as well as improve the precision and credibility of red lists and global change assessments.conservation planning, distribution modelling, ecosystem classification, ecosystem types, IUCN Red List of Ecosystems, landscape gradients, spatial prediction, species response curves

• Ullerud, Heidrun Asgeirsdatter; Bryn, Anders & Skånes, Helle (2020). Bridging theory and implementation – Testing an abstract classification system for practical mapping by field survey and 3D aerial photographic interpretation. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-1951. 73(5), p. 301–317. doi: 10.1080/00291951.2020.1717595. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The abstract classification system Nature in Norway (NiN) has detailed ecological definitions of a high number of ecosystem units, but its applicability in practical vegetation mapping is unknown because it was not designed with a specific mapping method in mind. To investigate this further, two methods for mapping – 3D aerial photographic interpretation of colour infrared photos and field survey – were used to map comparable neighbouring sites of 1 km2 in Hvaler Municipality, south-eastern Norway. The classification accuracy of each method was evaluated using a consensus classification of 160 randomly distributed plots within the study sites. The results showed an overall classification accuracy of 62.5% for 3D aerial photographic interpretation and 82.5% for field survey. However, the accuracy varied for the ecosystem units mapped. The classification accuracy of ecosystem units in acidic, dry and open terrain was similar for both methods, whereas classification accuracy of calcareous units was highest using field survey. The mapping progress using 3D aerial photographic interpretation was more than two times faster than that of field survey. Based on the results, the authors recommend a method combining 3D aerial photographic interpretation and field survey to achieve effectively accurate mapping in practical applications of the NiN system.

• Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Kerby, Jeffrey T.; Phoenix, Gareth K.; Bjerke, Jarle W.; Epstein, Howard E. & Assmann, Jakob J. [Show all 41 contributors for this article] (2020). Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic. Nature Climate Change. ISSN 1758-678X. 10(2), p. 106–117. doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0688-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread greening at high latitudes. This ‘greening of the Arctic’ is among the world’s most important large-scale ecological responses to global climate change. However, a consensus is emerging that the underlying causes and future dynamics of so-called Arctic greening and browning trends are more complex, variable and inherently scale-dependent than previously thought. Here we summarize the complexities of observing and interpreting high-latitude greening to identify priorities for future research. Incorporating satellite and proximal remote sensing with in-situ data, while accounting for uncertainties and scale issues, will advance the study of past, present and future Arctic vegetation change.

• Halvorsen, Rune; Skarpaas, Olav; Bryn, Anders; Bratli, Harald; Erikstad, Lars & Simensen, Trond [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Towards a systematics of ecodiversity: the Ecosyst framework. Global Ecology and Biogeography. ISSN 1466-822X. 29(11), p. 1887–1906. doi: 10.1111/geb.13164. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Although a standard taxonomy of organisms has existed for nearly 300 years, no consensus has yet been reached on principles for systematization of ecological diversity (i.e., the co‐ordinated variation of abiotic and biotic components of natural diversity). In a rapidly changing world, where nature is under constant pressure, standardized terms and methods for characterization of ecological diversity are urgently needed (e.g., to enhance precision and credibility of global change assessments). Aim The aim is to present the EcoSyst framework, a set of general principles and methods for systematization of natural diversity that simultaneously addresses biotic and abiotic variation, and to discuss perspectives opened by this framework. Innovation EcoSyst provides a framework for systematizing natural variation in a consistent manner across different levels of organization. At each ecodiversity level, EcoSyst principles can be used to establish: (a) an extensive attribute system with descriptive variables that cover all relevant sources of variation; (b) a hierarchical‐type system; and (c) a set of guidelines for land‐cover mapping that is consistent across spatial scales. EcoSyst type systems can be conceptualized as multidimensional models, by which a key characteristic (the response) is related to variation in one or more key sources of variation (predictors). EcoSyst type hierarchies are developed by a gradient‐based iterative procedure, by which the “ecodiversity distance” (i.e., the extent to which the key characteristic differs between adjacent candidate types) is standardized and the ecological processes behind observed patterns are explicitly taken into account. Application We present “Nature in Norway” (NiN), an implementation of the EcoSyst framework for Norway for the ecosystem and landscape levels of ecodiversity. Examples of applications to research and management are given. Conclusion The EcoSyst framework provides a theoretical platform, principles and methods that can complement and enhance initiatives towards a global‐scale systematics of ecodiversity. iodiversity complex gradient continuum theory ecodiversity ecosystem geodiversity gradient landscape mapping typology

• Horvath, Peter; Halvorsen, Rune; Stordal, Frode; Tallaksen, Lena Merete; Tang, Hui & Bryn, Anders (2019). Distribution modelling of vegetation types based on area frame survey data. Applied Vegetation Science. ISSN 1402-2001. 22(4), p. 547–560. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12451. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: Many countries lack informative, high‐resolution, wall‐to‐wall vegetation or land cover maps. Such maps are useful for land use and nature management, and for input to regional climate and hydrological models. Land cover maps based on remote sensing data typically lack the required ecological information, whereas traditional field‐based mapping is too expensive to be carried out over large areas. In this study, we therefore explore the extent to which distribution modelling (DM) methods are useful for predicting the current distribution of vegetation types (VT) on a national scale. Location: Mainland Norway, covering ca. 324,000 km2. Methods: We used presence/absence data for 31 different VTs, mapped wall‐to‐wall in an area frame survey with 1081 rectangular plots of 0.9 km2. Distribution models for each VT were obtained by logistic generalised linear modelling, using stepwise forward selection with an F‐ratio test. A total of 116 explanatory variables, recorded in 100 m × 100 m grid cells, were used. The 31 models were evaluated by applying the AUC criterion to an independent evaluation dataset. Results: Twenty‐one of the 31 models had AUC values higher than 0.8. The highest AUC value (0.989) was obtained for Poor/rich broadleaf deciduous forest, whereas the lowest AUC (0.671) was obtained for Lichen and heather spruce forest. Overall, we found that rare VTs are predicted better than common ones, and coastal VTs are predicted better than inland ones. Conclusions: Our study establishes DM as a viable tool for spatial prediction of aggregated species‐based entities such as VTs on a regional scale and at a fine (100 m) spatial resolution, provided relevant predictor variables are available. We discuss the potential uses of distribution models in utilizing large‐scale international vegetation surveys. We also argue that predictions from such models may improve parameterisation of vegetation distribution in earth system models.

• Eriksen, Eva Lieungh; Ullerud, Heidrun Asgeirsdatter; Halvorsen, Rune; Aune, Sigrun; Bratli, Harald & Horvath, Peter [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Point of view: error estimation in field assignment of land-cover types. Phytocoenologia. ISSN 0340-269X. 49(2), p. 135–148. doi: 10.1127/phyto/2018/0293. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Questions: Substantial variation between observers has been found when comparing parallel land-cover maps, but how can we know which map is better? What magnitude of error and inter-observer variation is expected when assigning land-cover types and is this affected by the hierarchical level of the type system, observer characteristics, and ecosystem properties? Study area: Hvaler, south-east Norway. Methods: Eleven observers assigned mapping units to 120 stratified random points. At each observation point, the observers first assigned a mapping unit to the point independently. The group then decided on a ‘true’ reference mapping unit for that point. The reference was used to estimate total error. ‘Ecological distance’ to the reference was calculated to grade the errors. Results: Individual observers frequently assigned different mapping units to the same point. Deviating assignments were often ecologically close to the reference. Total error, as percentage of assignments that deviated from the reference, was 35.0% and 16.4% for low and high hierarchical levels of the land-covertype system, respectively. The corresponding figures for inter-observer variation were 42.8% and 19.4%, respectively. Observer bias was found. Particularly high error rates were found for land-cover types characterised by human disturbance. Conclusions: Access to a ‘true’ mapping unit for each observation point enabled estimation of error in addition to the inter-observer variation typically estimated by the standard pairwise comparisons method for maps and observers. Three major sources of error in the assignment of land-cover types were observed: dependence on system complexity represented by the hierarchical level of the land-cover-type system, dependence on the experience and personal characteristics of the observers, and dependence on properties of the mapped ecosystem. The results support the necessity of focusing on quality in land-cover mapping, among commissioners, practitioners and other end users.

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• Edvardsen, Anette; Halvorsen, Rune; Bratli, Harald; Bryn, Anders; Dervo, Børre Kind & Erikstad, Lars [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Natur i Norge. Variasjon satt i system. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215069869. 434 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Wal, René Van der; Norton, Lisa & Hofmeester, Tim R. (2023). Citizen science: data collection by volunteers. Routledge. ISBN 9781003179245. 14 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Volden, Inger Kristine (2020). Biogeografi - biologiens geografi. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245021585. 23 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Bryn, Anders (2026). Forskinga i Valdres kan stoppe byggeprosjektet ditt. Det verste vi kan gjøre er å spre oss utover. [Journal]. Avisa Valdres. doi: https:/www.avisa-valdres.no/forskninga-i-vang-kan-stoppe-byggeprosjektet-ditt-det-verste-vi-kan-gjore-er-a-spre-oss-utover/s/5-54-1211245. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2026). 20 forskere og kartleggere bruker naturen i Vang til å forbedre KI-modellene. doi: https:/omny.fm/shows/dalfret/20-forskere-og-kartleggere-bruker-naturen-i-vang-til-forbedre-ki-modellene. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2026). Anders Bryn om hvordan fjellet gror igjen og hva det betyr. doi: https:/open.spotify.com/episode/2VfQRa0xW6ONS3gEST6W0b. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2026). Norge har aldri hatt mer skog. [Journal]. Klassekampen. doi: https:/klassekampen.no/artikkel/2026-08-20/norge-har-aldri-hatt-mer-skog. Full text in Research Archive
• Yilmaz, Yeliz A.; Pirk, Norbert; Tallaksen, Lena M.; Stordal, Frode; Berntsen, Terje Koren & Bryn, Anders (2026). Cold region land-atmosphere interactions. doi: https:/www.gewexevents.org/meetings/glass2026/program/abstracts/#Y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Environmental change in high latitudes is progressing faster and more intensely than in many other regions of the Earth. A warmer climate has already triggered unprecedented changes in the terrestrial cryosphere, hydrosphere and ecosphere, which feed back to the atmosphere and the hydrologic cycle. Yet, many studies still rely on one-way coupling between the atmosphere and the land surface, thereby neglecting important interactions and feedback mechanisms. To advance our knowledge on climate change in northern environments, LATICE (Land–ATmosphere Interactions in Cold Environments) was established as a strategic research initiative at the University of Oslo in 2015. Since then, it has developed into a collaborative network of researchers from atmospheric and terrestrial research groups. We combine novel observations, process-based model development, and integrated Earth observation frameworks to improve our understanding of high latitude environmental processes and their representation in Earth System Models - particularly the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM). The current LATICE infrastructure including flux towers, drone-based measurements, and a cold climate container contributes to expanding our observational data records in cold environments complemented by regionally calibrated satellite products tailored to boreal and Arctic conditions. These coordinated in-situ, airborne, and spaceborne datasets provide important constraints on surface fluxes, snow dynamics, and vegetation processes. On the modelling side, LATICE researchers have been contributing to land surface and hydrological models to better represent cold region processes by including process parameterizations, new plant functional types, and vegetation demography. The integration of observations and models through data assimilation methods, and further exploration of hybrid approaches with machine learning algorithms support improved understanding of land-atmosphere coupling and uncertainty quantification. This presentation highlights key activities and scientific advances within the LATICE community, presents example studies, and discusses future directions for scientific collaboration with the Pan-GLASS community.

• Bryn, Anders (2026). Mountain knowledge: monitoring of climate and nature in high mountains. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fjellviten: overvåking av klima og natur i høgfjellet

• Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter & Dervo, Børre Kind (2026). Limnisk test-kartlegging i verna vassdrag - 2026. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Presentasjon av et metodisk kartleggingseksperiment for limnisk NiN-kartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2026). Klimavirkninger av å holde dyr på beite. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Foredrag som oppdaterer dagens kunnskapsgrunnlag om klimavirkninger av å holde husdyr på beite i Norge

• Velle, Gaute; Sandercock, Brett Kevin; Kausrud, Kyrre; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Bryn, Anders & Malmstrøm, Martin (2026). Fremmede arter opptrer i flokk – men vurderes som regel alene. Forskersonen.no. doi: https:/www.forskersonen.no/artsdatabanken-klima-kronikk/dette-har-kongekrabbe-rynkerose-og-sitkagran-til-felles/2632734. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Arter flytter på seg, på grunn av klimaendringer, global handel og menneskers arealbruk. Fremmede skadelige arter er en av de største globale truslene mot økosystemene, med store følger for biologisk mangfold, økonomi, matsikkerhet og helse. Når Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) vurderer «fremmede organismer», vurderer vi som regel risikoen ved slike arter hver for seg. Vi gir arter kategorier, som «høy risiko» eller «svært høy risiko», basert på en kombinasjon av effekt på biologisk mangfold og sannsynlighet. Men naturen fungerer ikke slik. I naturen møter arter hverandre. Fremmede arter kan forsterke hverandres effekter eller svekke dem. I en ny rapport har VKM vurdert om slike samspill mellom fremmede arter kan tas inn i risikovurderinger.

• Bryn, Anders (2026). Målestokk, flybilder og heldekkende kartlegging. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Foredrag om spesifikke utfordringer ved overgangen til ny instruks for kartlegging av naturtyper

• Bryn, Anders; Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie; Folland, Amanda A.; Hemsing, Lars Østby; Horvath, Peter & Høitomt, Torbjørn [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2025). Feltbaserte kart over arter og naturtyper: likheter, forskjeller og kart vi mangler. Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. 3, p. 4–11. doi: https:/bio.no/images/Feltbaserte%20_kart.pdf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I debatten om naturmangfold og naturforvaltning i Norge, er en tilbakevendende utfordring forståelsen av ulike feltbaserte temakart. I dette essayet beskrives grunnleggende likheter og forskjeller mellom to sentrale feltbaserte temakart over naturmangfold: artskart og naturtypekart. Disse kartene representerer ulike nivåer i hierarkiet over naturmangfold og har supplerende funksjoner i forvaltningen.

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Horvath, Peter; Halvorsen, Rune; Sivertsen, Bendik & Bryn, Anders (2025). Garbage in, garbage out – propagation of errors from reference data to ecosystem distribution models. Full text in Research Archive
• Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal; Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter; Naas, Adam Eindride; Halvorsen, Rune & Berntsen, Terje Koren [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Tales from the past: remapping rising tree- and forest lines in response to changing climate and land use regimes. Full text in Research Archive
• Naas, Adam Eindride; Simensen, Trond; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal; Bryn, Anders & Halvorsen, Rune [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2025). Ecosystem distribution models to support area management – a case study from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Simensen, Trond & Bryn, Anders (2025). Myr, Klima | Forbud mot nedbygging av myr er ikke nødvendigvis lurt. doi: https:/www.nationen.no/forbud-mot-nedbygging-av-myr-er-ikke-nodvendigvis-lurt/o/5-148-776972. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Et forbud mot å bygge ned myr kan virke mot sin hensikt. I verste fall kan det føre til tap av annen viktig natur.

• Bryn, Anders (2025). Natur og energi. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2025). Lynkurs i kronikkskriving. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2025). Hvor langt er vi kommet med eksperimentelle studier i feltbasert NiN-kartlegging? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Halvorsen, Rune; Horvath, Peter; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Mienna, Ida Marielle & Simensen, Trond [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). Ecosystem distribution models to support area management - a case study from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2025). Noreg kokar - dette skal gje svar. [Internet]. https://www.nrk.no/innlandet/noreg-kokar-_-dette-skal-gje-sv. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2025). Kartlegging av naturtyper - grunnkurs. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Horvath, Peter (2024). Nature in Norway (NiN) - systematising ecosystems. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Økologi og klima i arbeidet med arealplan. Full text in Research Archive
• Biagio, Amanda Johansen Di & Bryn, Anders (2024). Klimatilpasning med skog i skredutsatt terreng. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Albedo og fjellandbruk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Kartlegging etter NiN 3: endringer i regler, målestokker for både kartleggingsenheter og variabler. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Vurdering av avvik mellom NiN-naturtypekart fra Eiker. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Christian; Krøgli, Svein Olav & Bryn, Anders (2024). Hytter og beitedyr: Arealkonflikter kan forebygges. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Alemu, Diress Tsegaye; Pedersen, Christian; Krøgli, Svein Olav; Potthoff, Kerstin & Dramstad, Wenche (2024). Beitebruk og fritidsboliger: arealbruk i endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Eksperimentelle studier av feltbasert NiN-kartlegging. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Setter vi pris på naturen? Naturavgift og naturens egenverdi. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). NiN-boka med nåtidens utfordringer som bakteppe. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Halvorsen, Rune (2024). Hva skal vi verne? Natur i Norge 3.0 kan gi bedre beslutninger mer effektivt. [Internet]. https://www.titan.uio.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Ambisjoner og dilemma - grønn omstilling og arealbruk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Avslører permafrosten med milliondyr brønnboring. [Internet]. titan.uio.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Er Naturavtalen i veien for Parisavtalen (og vice versa)? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Biagio, Amanda Johansen Di; Kausrud, Kyrre & Stordal, Frode (2024). Naturen må også reddes fra klimaødeleggelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Berntsen, Terje Koren; Horvath, Peter; Isaksen, Ketil; Liahjell, Gunnar Thorsen & Naas, Adam Eindride [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). På vei mot nye høyder: tre- og skoggrensene stiger. Arr - Idéhistorisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7005. p. 87–100. Full text in Research Archive
• Horvath, Peter; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Nilsen, Anne-Barbi; Bryn, Anders & Wollan, Anders Kvalvåg (2024). NiN 3.0 QGIS plugin og undervisning med ABCD metoden. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2024). Naturmangfold i kommunene – ambisjoner og dilemma. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Forskning på kart. [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M05Qa-fdz_w&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Naturkartlegging. [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SgwmbGaJiE&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Kartlegging med NiN 3.0. [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms_DrXwzmt8&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Hvordan finner man rett naturtype? [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnR6wBSGYow&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Hva skal til for å bli en god kartlegger? [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVUBLq1BIhM&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Hva er naturkartlegging? [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bBt5D-z_hg&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Halvorsen, Rune; Horvath, Peter; Simensen, Trond & Mienna, Ida Marielle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Distribution modelling of ecosystems in Norway - comparison of two modelling approaches and different types of predictors. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Sikkerhet på jobb som kartlegger. [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YG0a6wWlG8&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Dette gjør kartleggere på jobb. [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoSdGkiGX8s&list=PLOXeNzczfA. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Bryn, Anders (2023). Hvorfor skal man kartlegge? [Internet]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bBt5D-z_hg&list=PLOXeNzczf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Videosnutter om naturkartlegging

• Naas, Adam Eindride; Bryn, Anders; Halvorsen, Rune; Horvath, Peter; Keetz, Lasse Torben & Mienna, Ida Marielle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Dynamic predictors improve ecosystem models. Full text in Research Archive
• Naas, Adam Eindride; Halvorsen, Rune; Horvath, Peter; Wollan, Anders Kvalvåg; Bratli, Harald & Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2023). How consistent are NiN field mappers? Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsen, Rune & Bryn, Anders (2023). Hvorfor mangler naturkartlegging tillit? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Hvordan vil en kartlegger merke overgangen til NiN 3.0? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). The history of east-central Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Natur i endring - hva skjer med den norske naturen? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Rødt kjøtt - bedre enn sitt rykte? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Utmarksbeiting og biofysiske klima-interaksjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Forsker ut mot vindkraftplaner i villreinområde: – Håper det aldri blir noe av. [Journal]. Nationen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Ståan til Norsk skog. [Radio]. NRK Sommeråpent. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  15 minutters radiointervju med Tande-P på NRK P1, Sommeråpent, om tilstanden i Norsk skog.

• Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter; Volden, Inger Kristine; Stordal, Frode; Torma, Michal & Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Citizen science for treeline mapping. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie; Horvath, Peter; Keetz, Lasse Torben; Lieungh, Eva & Naas, Adam Eindride [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). “Ground-truth" from field-based ecosystem mapping. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Natur og klima i endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Natur i endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal; Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter & Naas, Adam Eindride (2023). Changing treeline: A 150-year perspective​. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter; Naas, Adam Eindride & Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal (2023). Kartlegging av naturtyper etter Natur i Norge (NiN). Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. p. 16–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2023). Slik endres Norge. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Historical lines and recent development at the Natural History Museum in Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Utfordrer tregrensa: Se Oppdals kanskje høyestvoksende gran. [Journal]. https://www.opp.no/. Full text in Research Archive
• Vollsnes, Ane Victoria; Bryn, Anders & Stordal, Frode (2022). Fotosyntesen redder ikke klimaet. p. 19–19. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gjennom fotosyntesen tar plantene opp mye av de menneskeskapte klimagassutslippene. Tørke, brann, insektutbrudd og vindfall skaper imidlertid problemer for økosystemenes opptak og lagring av karbon.

• Bryn, Anders (2022). Arealkonflikter - trender, utvikling og påvirkning. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Hyttebygging i fjellet - trender, utvikling og påvirkning på beitebruk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Flere trær i fjellet gjør det varmere: – Ikke utelukkende positivt med trær. [Internet]. www.nrk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Willy (75) svinger saga for å rydde fram turistperle. [Internet]. www.nrk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Tree- and forest line dynamics in Norway: causes and consequences. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). A brief history of Natural History Museum in Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Hyttebygging i fjellet - trender og utvikling. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Utmark, beiting og klima. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Vollsnes, Ane Victoria & Stordal, Frode (2022). Skogen utfordres i nytt klima. Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782. p. 20–20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Politikk som skal være grønn og klimavennlig kan ikke lene seg for kraftig på de grønne økosystemene. Eller satse på at de kan endres til vår fordel. Det er for risikabelt.

• Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter; Torma, Michal; Naas, Adam Eindride; Volden, Inger Kristine & Liahjell, Gunnar Thorsen [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Treeline research at Natural history museum (UiO). Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Beitebruk, skjøtsel og biologisk mangfold. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Skogsbeiter i tørkeperioder. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Naturtyper og geologi – kartlegging og bærekraft. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Hva forskes det på når det gjelder kartlegging? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2022). Terrestrial ecosystem-climate interactions of our EMERALD planet. Full text in Research Archive
• Tang, Hui; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Finne, Eirik Aasmo; Althuizen, Inge; Fisher, Rosie A. & Tømmervik, Hans [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). The impact of moss and lichen on hydrological cycle at surface: a study using CLM-FATES. Full text in Research Archive
• Keetz, Lasse Torben; Bryn, Anders; Horvath, Peter; Skarpaas, Olav; Tallaksen, Lena M. & Zliobaite, Indre (2021). Using machine learning to model the distribution of Vegetation Types across Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie (2021). Oslo er en biologisk hotspot. Katrine sjekker om kartet stemmer med terrenget. [Internet]. https://titan.uio.no. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  40 år gamle kart skal oppdateres for å se hvordan det står til med den artsrike byskogen i Oslo. Tiår med utbygging har satt sine spor.

• Bryn, Anders (2021). Om folkedugnaden “Natur i endring”. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Folkeforskning med Natur i endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Klimaendringar truar fristaden hennar på fjellet. [Internet]. NrK nettavis. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Brynildsrud, Katrine Marie (2021). Er byskogen i Oslo like rik på arter som før? [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Nilsen, Irene Brox; Dalen, Thea Grobstok & Bryn, Anders (2021). Vil du være med og registrere tregrensa i sommer? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Wetlands and carbon in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Paradokser om natur og klima. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Ny utstilling om klima og natur ved Norsk Fjellsenter. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Naturen er i endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Tankevekkjande utstilling i Lom. [Journal]. Fjuken. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Ny 2000 metertopp under Glittertind har smeltet fram. [TV]. NrK Dagsrevyen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Varmare klima gav Glittertind ny lillebror. [Internet]. NrK nettavis. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Spesifikke utfordringer terrestrisk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Generelt om feilkilder ved kartlegging i felt. Full text in Research Archive
• Gullvåg, Rebekka; Vollsnes, Ane Victoria; Bryn, Anders; Brysting, Anne Krag & Vatne, Astrid (2021). Effects of high-latitude light conditions on stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in white clover (Trifolium repens). Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2021). Korleis går det med naturen i Noreg? Full text in Research Archive
• Fouilloux, Anne Claire; Tang, Hui; Lieungh, Eva; Geange, Sonya Rita; Horvath, Peter & Bryn, Anders (2020). Climate JupyterLab as an interactive tool in Galaxy. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Bele, Bolette; Sickel, Hanne; Grøva, Lise; Flaten, Ola & Eltun, Ragnar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Er fjell-landbruket en næring i soloppgang? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Effektiviseringskrav, befolkningsnedgang, klimaendringer, nye forbruksmønstre, gjengroing og flere hytter gir fjell-landbruket utfordringer. Hvordan kan fjell-landbruket utvikles og er vi forberedt på framtiden?

• Bryn, Anders; Dalen, Thea Grobstok; Finne, Eirik Aasmo; Heiberg, Hanne; Nilsen, Irene Brox & Parmentier, Frans-Jan W. [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2020). Natur i endring - en vandreutstilling. Full text in Research Archive
• Lieungh, Eva; Bryn, Anders; Stordal, Frode; Bjerke, Jarle W.; Tonjer, Lea-Rebekka & Bright, Ryan M. (2020). Norske fjell gror igjen i et varmere klima. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. p. 20–21. Full text in Research Archive
• Fouilloux, Anne Claire; Tang, Hui; Lieungh, Eva; Geange, Sonya Rita; Horvath, Peter & Bryn, Anders (2020). Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES) with Community Land Model in Galaxy. Full text in Research Archive
• Fouilloux, Anne Claire; Tang, Hui; Lieungh, Eva; Geange, Sonya Rita; Horvath, Peter & Bryn, Anders (2020). FATES on GALAXY facilitates ecologist and climate modeler collaboration. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2020). Krattknusing – hvor gjør man det mest fornuftig? [Journal]. Norsk landbruksrådgiving. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2020). Denne blir fanga ulovlig og solgt for over 1000 kroner. [Internet]. NrK nettavis. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Hessen, Dag Olav & Stordal, Frode (2020). Før det bikker over. p. 18–19. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2020). Gjengroing og klima. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Skog- og tregrensa i Norge stiger, men potensialet for mer gjengroing er stort. Både arealbruksendringer og klimaendringer bidrar. Den nye skogen påvirker klimaet på ulike måter, men det er fortsatt hull i kunnskapsgrunnlaget.

• Bryn, Anders (2019). Ber kommunene ta hytteansvar. [Journal]. Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). EMERALDs forskning på vegetasjonsendringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Lusæter, Even; Puschmann, Oskar & Bryn, Anders (2019). Norgesmester til besvær. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ved foten av Norges nest høyeste fjell, Glittertind, rager et grønt og frodig tre i det ellers så kortvokste landskapet, 1404 meter over havet. Fint tenker kanskje noen. Et farevarsel, mener forsker Anders Bryn ved Naturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo (UiO). Tendensen er at Norge blir grønnere og at det gror igjen. Det går fort. Det ser vi på bildene fra 50 år siden. Det tar ikke lang tid, forteller Oskar Puschmann, seniorrådgiver ved Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi (NIBIO).

• Puschmann, Oskar; Bryn, Anders & Lusæter, Even (2019). Fjellbjørk ved Glittertind. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Innslag på Distriktsnyheter Østnytt, 19.august 2019, kl. 18:50

• Puschmann, Oskar; Lusæter, Even & Bryn, Anders (2019). Tregrense på 1404 moh bekymrer. [Radio]. NRK P1 - "Her og nå". Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Skoggrensa i endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Dolan, Margaret; Bekkby, Trine; Buhl-Mortensen, Pål; Andersen, Guri Sogn; Son, Thijs Christiaan van & Thormar, Jonas [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Phasing in use of the “Nature in Norway” (NiN) system for classification and description of nature in the marine environment – experiences, challenges and international relevance. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Klimagasser og hvordan de virker i atmosfæren. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Volden, Inger Kristine; Horvath, Peter; Torma, Michal & Stordal, Frode (2019). Hvor raskt stiger tre- og skoggrensene i Norge? Folkeforskning i praksis. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Folkeforskning: gull eller gråstein? Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Beiting bra for klima. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Det finnes gode grunner til å beholde utmarksbasert husdyrproduksjon i fjellbygdene. p. 24–24. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Skarpaas, Olav (2019). Folkeforskning på tregrenser. Museumsnytt. ISSN 0027-4186. p. 46–47. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Landskap i endring. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Fjellbjørk ved Glittertind. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Skarpaas, Olav; Eriksen, Eva Lieungh & Bryn, Anders (2019). Klimaforskning ved NHM. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Vil du hjelpe skogforskerne? [Internet]. https://ung.forskning.no/. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Tur- og fjellfolk i skogforskernes tjeneste. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Tregrensa trekker seg oppover. [Journal]. Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen . Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders (2019). Her kan Nøkkelen til klimaløsningen ligge. [Journal]. Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen. Full text in Research Archive
• Vollsnes, Ane Victoria; Eriksen, Aud Berglen; Falk, Stefanie; Bryn, Anders; Viken, Jeanette & Stordal, Frode (2018). Ozonforurensning. Klima, vegetasjon og matproduksjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Volden, Inger Kristine; Horvath, Peter & Torma, Michal (2018). Folkeforskning: Norge gror igjen - hva skjer i naturen og hvordan påvirkes ferdsel og opplevelser? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Skoggrensa i Norge er på vei oppover. I et forsøk på å bevisstgjøre folk på endringene som skjer i naturen, har Naturhistorisk museum i Oslo og Den Norske Turistforening utviklet folkeforskningsprosjektet Natur i endring. Skjelettet i prosjektet er en app, som gir turgåere anledning til å registrere de øverste skogene og trærne. Appen gir folk en plattform som de selv kan utforske det norske landskapet ut ifra. Deltakerne må løfte blikket på jakt etter høytliggende trær og skoger. Samtidig vil de forhåpentligvis reflektere over hvorfor disse trærne befinner seg akkurat der. Allerede da har de tatt inn over seg noe essensielt, at naturen påvirkes av oss mennesker. Da blir det kanskje lettere å forstå hvorfor klimaendringene ikke bare smelter is på Nordpolen, men at de er med på å endre det norske fjellandskapet i dag. Prosjektet har mottatt finansiell støtte fra Sparebankstiftelsen DNB.

• Bryn, Anders (2018). Paradokset ved bruk og vern av norsk natur - tap av villmarkspreget natur. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveiten, Line Ulberg; Bryn, Anders; Daugstad, Kristin; Flatland, Ingrid; Hjelkrem, Anne-Grete Roer & Hobrak, Katharina Therese [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2026). Klimavirkninger av å holde dyr på beite - kunnskap, kunnskapshull og -behov innen feltet - revidert 15.05.2026. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217039563. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Beitebruk er viktig for ressursutnyttelse, selvforsyning, dyrevelferd og kulturlandskap, og det er et politisk mål å øke beiting. Klimaeffektene av beiting har imidlertid vært lite vektlagt. Rapporten sammenstiller kunnskap om hvordan beitedyr påvirker klima gjennom både klimagassutslipp og endringer i vegetasjon og areal. Effektene varierer betydelig mellom arealtyper, beitetrykk, dyreslag og lokale forhold, noe som gjør det vanskelig å trekke generelle konklusjoner. I klimagassregnskapet er beiting særlig relevant for arealbruksendringer, som avskoging til beite og utslipp fra tidligere drenert myr. Effekter på enterisk metan og utslipp fra husdyrgjødsel er relativt små, selv om enkelte norske studier antyder noe lavere metanutslipp ved godt beite på fulldyrka jord. Biogeofysiske effekter som albedo er lite kartlagt, men kan ha nedkjølende effekt i noen områder. Rapporten peker på to hovedutfordringer: behov for sterkere insentiver til å bruke eksisterende innmarksbeiter fremfor nyrydding, og potensial for mer beiting av melkekyr på fulldyrka jord. Det trengs mer forskning for å bedre beregne effekter av beiting i klimagassregnskapet, særlig knyttet til enterisk metan, jordkarbon og beitetrykk i utmark.

• Bryn, Anders; Haugland, Barbro Taraldset; Dolan, Margaret; Bekkby, Trine & Naas, Adam Eindride (2025). Feltveileder marint (NiN 3.0) - Regler, typetabeller og praktiske råd, Versjon 1.1. Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838754. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugen, Finn-Arne; Bryn, Anders; Høiberg, Magnhild Garte & Strand, Geir-Harald (2025). Beitekartlegging for rein. Et forprosjekt for utvikling av metode for kartlegging av reinbeiter. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217037262. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rapporten beskriver mulig metode for kartlegging av reinbeiter, her definert av fire årstidsbeiter. Utgangspunktet er kartlegging av vegetasjon-/naturtyper som kobles til reinens foretrukne diett gjennom året. Kartleggingen kan utføres ved feltkartlegging, fjernmåling, modellering eller statistiske utvalgsundersøkelser. Modellen som ligger til grunn for å klassifisere et areal som viktig beiteareal er kun basert på vegetasjon-/naturtypenes forventede egnethet som fôrgrunnlag for rein. I praksis vil reinens faktiske arealbruk ha mye å si, og den kan ikke kartlegges gjennom beitekartlegging. Beitekartlegginga sin viktigste funksjon som verktøy ved vurdering av reinbeiteareal, for eksempel i konsekvensutredninger, er å gi en systematisk oversikt over arealene. Beitekartlegging kan ikke erstatte reindriftsutøvernes kunnskap om reinens arealbruk, men være et supplement når en skal vurdere hvilke konsekvenser et tiltak kan få for reindriftsnæringa. Metoden er beheftet med mange usikkerhetsmomenter og må prøves ut og vurderes gjennom uttestinger.

• Hovstad, Knut Anders; Sommerli, Sindre Lysfjord; Endresen, Dag; Endrestøl, Anders; Fossøy, Frode & Heimstad, Ragnhild [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Kartlegging av artar og dataflyt for artsdata i Noreg - ei konseptutredning. Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838686. doi: 10.48387/ARTSKARTLEGGING2024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I arbeidet med konseptutredninga, har ein drøfta i kor stor grad ein skal detaljere beskrivingar av feltmetodikk. Variasjon mellom artar og ulike kartleggingsformål krev variasjon i kartleggingsmetodikk. Konseptutredninga vil ikkje kunne gi detaljerte svar på alle metodiske utfordringar, men gir eit metodisk rammeverk der fleire av elementa vil vere vesentlege bidrag til både å heve nivået og standardisere artskartlegging i Noreg.

• Bryn, Anders; Andersen, Guri Sogn; Bekkby, Trine; Bratli, Harald; Dervo, Børre Kind & Dolan, Margaret [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Hovedveileder for feltbasert kartlegging. Terrestrisk, limnisk og marin naturvariasjon etter NiN (3.0). Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838617. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders & Naas, Adam Eindride (2023). Feltveileder terrestrisk. Regler, typetabeller og praktiske råd (NiN 3.0). Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838624. Full text in Research Archive
• Bekkby, Trine; Andersen, Guri Sogn; Dolan, Margaret; Rinde, Eli; Thormar, Jonas & Haugland, Barbro Taraldset [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Metodehåndbok marint. Kartleggingsmetodikk og variabler (NiN 3.0). Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838655. Full text in Research Archive
• Bryn, Anders; Haugland, Barbro Taraldset; Dolan, Margaret; Bekkby, Trine & Naas, Adam Eindride (2023). Feltveileder marint. Regler, typetabeller og praktiske råd (NiN 3.0). Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838631. Full text in Research Archive
• Dervo, Børre Kind; Naas, Adam Eindride & Bryn, Anders (2023). Feltveileder limnisk. Regler, typetabeller og praktiske råd (NiN 3.0). Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838648. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Geir-Harald; Svensson, Arvid; Rekdal, Yngve; Stokstad, Grete; Mathiesen, Henrik Forsberg & Bryn, Anders (2021). Verdiskaping i utmark: Status og muligheter. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217029441. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Om lag 5 % av landarealet i Norge er bebygd eller opparbeidet areal. De resterende 95 % er utmark. Fotosyntesebasert verdiskaping i utmark skjer i form av skogbruk, utmarksbeite, reindrift og en rekke former for høstingsbruk. Rapporten gir en overordnet beskrivelse av status og muligheter med hensyn til denne verdiskapingen. Rapporten tar også for seg arealbruks- og målkonflikter som kan oppstå når utmarka tas i bruk.

• Halvorsen, Rune; Wollan, Anders Kvalvåg; Bryn, Anders; Bratli, Harald & Horvath, Peter (2021). Naturtypekart etter NiN for området omkring Veia (Nedre Eiker og Øvre Eiker, Buskerud). Naturhistorisk museum. ISSN 9788279701262. Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsen, Rune; Bryn, Anders; Bratli, Harald & Horvath, Peter (2020). Naturtypekart etter NiN for et område omkring Unsetsætra (Biri, Gjøvik, Oppland). Naturhistorisk Museum. ISSN 9788279701200. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten gir en kortfattet beskrivelse av metadata for et naturtypekart etter NiN-metodikk, utarbeidet for et 500×500 m stort område omkring Unsetsætra, Biri, Gjøvik (Oppland). Kartet omfatter to kartlag, ett heldekkende kartlag for kartleggingsenheter etter NiN versjon 2.2 tilpasset kartlegging i målestokk 1:5000, og ett utvalgskartlag for spesifikke egenskaper fra NiNs beskrivelsessystem, som utfigureres som livsmiljøer i MiS-kartlegging (versjon 1.0.2) etter NiN. Resultatene presenteres som kart og tabeller. Som grunnlagsmateriale for feltkartleggingen ble ortofoto fra Norge Digitalt, skogbruksplandata fra Kilden (NIBIO) og topografiske kartdata fra N5 benyttet. Kartleggingen ble utført ved bruk av felt-PC med tilrettelagt oppsett i QGIS. Begge kartlagene er resultatet av at et feltbasert kartutkast, tegnet av én kartlegger, ble bearbeidet gjennom en konsensusprosess der tre kartleggere sammen i felt kontrollerte kartutkastet og drøftet seg fram til omforente løsninger på utfordringer knyttet til typetilordning og figuravgrensning. Rapporten inneholder kart og arealstatistikk for naturtyper og kartlagte egenskaper, samt en kortfattet drøfting av utfordringer ved kartleggingen og hvordan disse ble løst.

• Arnesen, Tor & Bryn, Anders (2020). Fritidsboliger og skoggrensen i fjellområder. Universitetet i Innlandet. ISSN 9788283801774. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Klima- og miljødepartementet har bestilt denne analysen som inngår i et arbeid med å vurdere behov for utbyggingsgrenser som virkemiddel for arealbruksmyndighetene. Utredningen gir i den sammenheng et faggrunnlag blant annet for vurdering av mulige statlige planretningslinjer for deler av fjellområdene. Analyseområdet i utredningen er 113 kommuner i det indre av Sør-Norge fra og med Trøndelag. Dette området benevnes Fjellkommuner og Tilliggende fjellkommuner. Verneområdene er medtatt i analyseområdet. Analyse viser utviklingen av fritidsboliger i skoggrensesonen for hele analyseområdet, og en detaljstudie av (15) utvalgte områder hvor det har vært størst utviklingsdynamikk i skog / snaufjell – grenseland.

• Arnesen, Tor; Ellingsen, Winfried; Lerfald, Merethe & Bryn, Anders (2020). Vil vi opp? Omsetning av fritidsbygg i sonen mellom skog og fjell. Universitetet i Innlandet. ISSN 9788283801842. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Østlandsforskning har på oppdrag fra Klima- og moderniseringsdepartmentet identifisere og analysert mulige sammenhenger i markedet for omsetning av fritidsbygg og skoggrenser. Er omsetningsomfang og omsetningsbeløp gjennomgående høyere jo nærmere eller over skoggrensen objektene er lokalisert? Analyseområdet er det indre fjellområdet med til sammen 113 (2919)-kommuner i Sør-Norge sør for Trøndelag Fylke. Studien konkluderer med at det for perioden 2000 til 2020 og i det indre fjellområdet ikke kan påvises sammenheng mellom omsetningsbeløp og avstand til klimatisk skoggrense. Derimot er en stadig økende andel fritidsbygg lokalisert til Markedssonen (inntil 200 høydemeter under klimatisk skoggrense, eller over denne) gjennom de knappe 20 år denne analysen dekker. Viktigere enn om et objekt er plassert over eller undere skoggrensen, synes utsikt og tilgang til infrastruktur (teknisk infrastruktur, aktivitetsinfrastruktur, kommersiell infrastruktur) å være viktigere for etterspørsel og prising i markedet.

• Bryn, Anders & Horvath, Peter (2020). Kartlegging av NiN naturtyper i målestokk 1:5000 rundt flux-tårnet og på Hansbunuten, Finse (Vestland). Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788279701224. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten beskriver kortfattet hvordan to naturtypekart ved Finse ble lagd. Resultatene er lagt fram i form av kart og tabeller, samt tekst som beskriver naturtypenes økologi. Arealdekkende naturtypekart etter NiN generaliserer og gjengir de økologiske strukturene i landskapet. Slike kart kan dekke mange formål, men i denne sammenheng er det særlig to som har vært viktig: 1) kartene kan inngå i opplæringen av nye kartleggere og 2) de kan inngå i forskningen som skjer på Finse. To områder på Finse i Vestland er kartlagt etter Natur i Norge sin veileder for kartlegging i målestokk 1:5000 (Bryn m. flere 2018). Det ene området ligger sentrert rundt flux-tårnet til Meteorologisk Institutt ved Høyfjellsøkologisk stasjon (0.76 km2). Det andre området ligger på Vesle Hansbunuten (1 km2), rett sør for Finsefetene. Til kartlegging i felt har vi brukt nye ortofoto fra Norge Digitalt, dronefoto og feltbrett med tilrettelagt oppsett i QGIS. Oppsettet følger systemet for undervisning ved Universitetet i Oslo som er tilgjengelig på GitHub (Horvath m. flere 2019). Begge kartene er digitalt tilgjengelige i GitHub.

• Bryn, Anders; Bekkby, Trine; Dervo, Børre Kind; Dolan, Margaret & Halvorsen, Rune (2020). Hovedveileder for feltbasert kartlegging av terrestrisk, limnisk og marin naturvariasjon etter NiN. Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838549. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Formålet med veilederen er å fylle det kunnskapsrommet som trengs for å bruke natursystemnivået i NiN til feltbasert kartlegging; både til opplæring av nye kartleggere, til hjelp ved utlysning av oppdrag, og som veiledning for ulike brukere av naturtypekart. Feltbasert kartlegging etter NiN brukes og lyses ut for mange ulike formål, og veilederen bærer derfor preg av å skulle dekke mange ulike behov. Veilederen inkluderer kartlegging av terrestriske, limniske og marine økosystemer. Veilederen definerer ikke hvordan de enkelte sektorer skal løse sine kartleggingsbehov, men viser hvordan ulike behov og utfordringer kan løses. Formålet med veilederen er å bidra til at resultatene av praktisk kartlegging blir så gode som mulig. Naturtypekartenes kvalitet styres imidlertid i stor grad av rammer utenfor denne veilederen. Det er de ulike sektorene som organiserer og lyser ut oppdrag som avgjør hvordan kartleggingen i praksis foregår. Dette dokumentet er derfor en veileder, ikke en instruks.

• Bratli, Harald; Halvorsen, Rune; Bryn, Anders; Arnesen, Geir; Bendiksen, Egil & Jordal, Jon Bjarne [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Beskrivelse av kartleggingsenheter i målestokk 1:5000 etter NiN (2.2.0). Utgave 1, kartleggingsveileder nr 4. Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838501. Full text in Research Archive
• Horvath, Peter; Nilsen, Anne-Barbi & Bryn, Anders (2019). Oppsett og tilrettelegging av QGIS for NiN naturtypekartlegging. Naturhistorisk museum. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Metodene for feltbasert kartlegging av naturtyper i Norge er i utvikling. Kartlegging baserer seg nå i hovedsak på bruk av digitale plattformer med tilrettelagt programvare. Siden lanseringen av Natur i Norge (NiN 2.0) i 2015 har det vært behov for opplæring i digital kartlegging av naturtyper i felt. Til bruk i undervisningen ved Universitetet i Oslo har vi tilrettelagt QGIS (versjon 3.2) for feltbasert kartlegging av NiN-naturtyper. Denne rapporten viser oppsettet og gir veiledning i bruken slik at andre kan benytte seg av QGIS i sin undervisning eller opplæring av ansatte. Oppsettet kan også brukes til kartlegging for andre formål, f.eks. til forskningsformål eller arealundersøkelser. Det brukertilpassede oppsettet ligger fritt tilgjengelig på GitHub.

• Andersen, Guri Sogn; Bekkby, Trine; Dolan, Margaret; Bøe, Reidulv; Thormar, Jonas & Buhl-Mortensen, Pål [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Feltveileder for Kartlegging av marin naturvariasjon etter NiN (2.2.0). Artsdatabanken. ISSN 9788292838495. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Formålet med veilederen Veilederens hovedformål er å bidra til at resultatene av praktisk kartlegging i sjø i henhold til NiNs type og beskrivelsessystem blir så gode som mulig og sammenlignbare på tvers av kartleggere. Dette innebærer å beskrive hvordan, og i hvilken grad, den observerte naturvariasjonen bør forenkles under kartlegging. Veilederen skal oppsummere den kunnskapen som trengs for å kartlegge i sjø etter NiN, og i overenstemmelse med prinsippene som er omtalt i hovedveilederen (Bryn m. fl. 2018). Feltveilederen skal gi de generelle rammene for NiN-kartlegging i sjø, inkludert metodikk og verktøy, og har kartleggere som målgruppe. Denne feltveilederen dekker NiNs natursystemnivå med tilhørende type- og beskrivelsessystem for saltvannsbunnsystemer og marine vannmasser, og omfatter ikke andre deler av NiN. Veilederens Del D gir en beskrivelse av de ulike marine hovedtypene og miljøvariablene (LKMene) som definerer typeinndelingen. Denne delen gir også en veiledning til kartlegging av de ulike marine naturtypene på natursystemnivået for målestokkene 1:5 000, 1:20 000 og 1:100 000, i enkelte tilfeller også for målestokkene 1:500 og 1:2 500 (som er spesielt relevant for Fast fjærebeltebunn og evt. andre naturtyper som har liten arealutbredelse og som lar seg avgrense direkte i felt). Hovedveilederen (Bryn m. fl. (2018)) skisserer noen sentrale forutsetninger som en veileder for kartlegging av naturtyper avhenger av, blant annet at det finnes et type- og beskrivelsessystem som er tilpasset praktisk kartlegging. Det betyr at det må finnes tilstrekkelig erfaring med praktisk bruk av systemet. Disse forutsetningen er i all hovedsak ikke oppfylt for kartlegging i sjø. Det er derfor viktig å presisere at dette er en første-generasjons veileder for kartlegging i sjø etter NiN (versjon 2.2.0) på natursystemnivå. Etter hvert som denne veilederen testes i felt, vil erfaringer høstes og bidra til en videre utvikling og en revidering basert på nye erfaringer og evt. nye metoder som måtte utvikles.

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