Gunnhild Martine Marthinsen

• Høiland, Klaus; Danielsen, Jørgen Skyrud; Gulden, Gro Sissel; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Tjessem, Ingrid Vesterdal (2025). Web caps Cortinarius and Phlegmacium (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) in Svalbard and on Bear Island. AGARICA. ISSN 0800-1820. 45, p. 1–71. doi: 10.5617/agarica.12688. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We identified 33 species of the old genus Cortinarius s. lat. (web caps) from Svalbard and Bear Island based on collections from the fungaria in Oslo (O) and Tromsø (TROM) and recently collected material (afterwards kept in O). Morphological and molecular methods, i.e., ITS barcoding, were employed. Two of the ten recently defined genera formerly included in Cortinarius s. lat. are represented: Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray and Phlegmacium (Fr.) Wünsche. The following species of genus Cortinarius were identified: Subgenus Dermocybe: Cortinarius cinnamomeoluteus, C. polaris. Subgenus Myxacium: C. alpinus. Subgenus Telamonia: C. ammophiloides,C. casimiri coll., C. castaneus, C. decipiens, C. desertorum, C. gossypinus*, C. heterodepressus*, C. mallaensis*, C. murinascens*, C. neofallax*, C. parvannulatus, C. pseudofallax, C. pseudofusisporus*, C. pulchripes, C. rusticellus*, C. saniosus, C. saturninus, C. scotoides, C. subtilior. Subgenus Camphorati: C. anomalus, C. delibutus, C. tabularis. Subgenus Iodolentes: C. obtusus. More uncertain is the identity of these: Telamonia: C. cf. inops, C. cf. levipileus*, C. cf. sagarum. Camphorati: C. cf. caninus. Not yet assigned subgenus: C. cf. balaustinus, C. cf. subfloccopus. The genus Phlegmacium has only one member, P. badiolatum var. chamaesalicis, in the area. An asterisk * indicates species not previously published from Norway including Svalbard and Bear Island. Locality and MUSIT number are given for every collection in O and TROM. GenBank accessions are reported for all sequenced collections. Ecology and distribution for the studied species in Svalbard are reported and discussed. A high number of micro niches are assumed, explaining the relatively high diversity of web caps in some of the investigated sites.

• Malick-Wahls, Sarah Lou; Byrkjedal, Ingvar; Ganter, Barbara; Lifjeld, Jan Terje; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Rösner, Hans-Ulrich [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Morphometric differences between sexes and populations in Norwegian Dunlins Calidris alpina. Bird Study. ISSN 0006-3657. doi: 10.1080/00063657.2024.2392214. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Capsule The sex of Dunlins from two widely separated Norwegian breeding populations can be determined using morphometrics, with the Dunlins’ sizes differing between populations. Aims We aimed to understand the Dunlin’s physical characteristics within and outside of a zone of intergradation between the subspecies C. a. schinzii and C. a. alpina, and to provide a resource for determining the sexes. Methods We tested for morphometric differences between Dunlins from Finnmark, inland South Norway and coastal South Norway to determine if any or all of these populations had unique characteristics. We also compared morphometrics from our study with those in published sources. We performed discriminant function analyses on morphometric data from Dunlins of known sex to identify variables that could be used for sex identification in captured birds. Results Dunlins from Finnmark were significantly larger than those from South Norway. However, birds from inland South Norway, and a small sample from coastal South Norway, overlapped in multiple measurements. Our comparison with previously published sources also found no clear differences in morphometrics between birds from South Norway and C. a. schinzii from other populations. Our discriminant functions for both Finnmark and inland South Norway accurately predicted the sex of Dunlins using only the wing chord and bill length measurements. Conclusion There was no clear evidence that Dunlins from the subspecies intergradation zone in South Norway differed in size from subspecies C. a. schinzii. The sex of Norwegian-breeding Dunlins can be accurately determined by morphometrics alone, using population-specific discriminant functions.

• Aarvik, Leif; Berggren, Kai & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2023). Schiffermuelleria sempronas sp. n., a brilliant moth living in old olive trees in Crete (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae). Norwegian Journal of Entomology. ISSN 1501-8415. 70, p. 47–54. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norwegian Journal of Entomology: http://www.entomologi.no/journals/nje/nje.htm. Norsk entomologisk forening: http://www.entomologi.no/index.htm

• Aarvik, Leif; Karsholt, Ole; Berggren, Kai; Slagsvold, Per Kristian & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2023). A new species of Brachmia Hübner (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) from South Europe. Norwegian Journal of Entomology. ISSN 1501-8415. 70(1), p. 34–41. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norwegian Journal of Entomology: http://www.entomologi.no/journals/nje/nje.htm. Norsk entomologisk forening: http://www.entomologi.no/index.htm

• Cramer, Emily Rebecca A; Garcia-del-Rey, Eduardo; Johannessen, Lars Erik; Laskemoen, Terje; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Johnsen, Arild [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Longer Sperm Swim More Slowly in the Canary Islands Chiffchaff. Cells. 10(6). doi: 10.3390/cells10061358. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sperm swimming performance affects male fertilization success, particularly in species with high sperm competition. Understanding how sperm morphology impacts swimming performance is therefore important. Sperm swimming speed is hypothesized to increase with total sperm length, relative flagellum length (with the flagellum generating forward thrust), and relative midpiece length (as the midpiece contains the mitochondria). We tested these hypotheses and tested for divergence in sperm traits in five island populations of Canary Islands chiffchaff (Phylloscopus canariensis). We confirmed incipient mitochondrial DNA differentiation between Gran Canaria and the other islands. Sperm swimming speed correlated negatively with total sperm length, did not correlate with relative flagellum length, and correlated negatively with relative midpiece length (for Gran Canaria only). The proportion of motile cells increased with relative flagellum length on Gran Canaria only. Sperm morphology was similar across islands. We thus add to a growing number of studies on passerine birds that do not support sperm morphology–swimming speed hypotheses. We suggest that the swimming mechanics of passerine sperm are sufficiently different from mammalian sperm that predictions from mammalian hydrodynamic models should no longer be applied for this taxon. While both sperm morphology and sperm swimming speed are likely under selection in passerines, the relationship between them requires further elucidation.

• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Rui, Siri & Timdal, Einar (2019). OLICH: A reference library of DNA barcodes for Nordic Lichens. Biodiversity Data Journal. ISSN 1314-2836. 7(e36252), p. 1–146. doi: 10.3897/bdj.7.e36252. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background DNA barcodes are increasingly being used for species identification amongst the lichenised fungi. This paper presents a dataset aiming to provide an authoritative DNA barcode sequence library for a wide array of Nordic lichens. New information We present 1324 DNA barcode sequences (nrITS) for 507 species in 175 genera and 25 orders. Thirty-eight species are new to GenBank and, for 25 additional species, ITS sequences are here presented for the first time. The dataset covers 20–21% of the Nordic lichenised species. Barcode gap analyses are given and discussed for the three genera Cladonia, Ramalina and Umbilicaria. The new combination Bryobilimbia fissuriseda (Poelt) Timdal, Marthinsen & Rui is proposed for Mycobilimbia fissuriseda and Nordic material of the species, currently referred to as Pseudocyphellaria crocata and Psoroma tenue ssp. boreale, are shown to belong in Pseudocyphellaria citrina and Psoroma cinnamomeum, respectively.

• Cramer, Emily Rebecca A; Stensrud, Even; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Hogner, Silje; Johannessen, Lars Erik & Laskemoen, Terje [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). Sperm performance in conspecific and heterospecific female fluid. Ecology and Evolution. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1977. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Divergent sexual selection within allopatric populations may result in divergent sexual phenotypes, which can act as reproductive barriers between populations upon secondary contact. This hypothesis has been most tested on traits involved in precopulatory sexual selection, with less work focusing on traits that act after copulation and before fertilization (i.e., postcopulatory prezygotic traits), particularly in internally fertilizing vertebrates. However, postcopulatory sexual selection within species can also drive trait divergence, resulting in reduced performance of heterospecific sperm within the female reproductive tract. Such incompatibilities, arising as a by-product of divergent postcopulatory sexual selection in allopatry, can represent reproductive barriers, analogous to species-assortative mating preferences. Here, we tested for postcopulatory prezygotic reproductive barriers between three pairs of taxa with diverged sperm phenotypes and moderate-to-high opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection (barn swallows Hirundo rustica versus sand martins Riparia riparia, two subspecies of bluethroats, Luscinia svecica svecica versus L. s. namnetum, and great tits Parus major versus blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus). We tested sperm swimming performance in fluid from the outer reproductive tract of females, because the greatest reduction in sperm number in birds occurs as sperm swim across the vagina. Contrary to our expectations, sperm swam equally well in fluid from conspecific and heterospecific females, suggesting that postcopulatory prezygotic barriers do not act between these taxon pairs, at this stage between copulation and fertilization. We therefore suggest that divergence in sperm phenotypes in allopatry is insufficient to cause widespread postcopulatory prezygotic barriers in the form of impaired sperm swimming performance in passerine birds.

• Lifjeld, Jan Terje; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas; Calabuig, Pascual; Cooper, Joseph E.J.; Johannessen, Lars Erik & Johnsen, Arild [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2016). Species-level divergences in multiple functional traits between the two endemic subspecies of Blue Chaffinches Fringilla teydea in Canary Islands. BMC Zoology. doi: 10.1186/s40850-016-0008-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background One of the biggest challenges in avian taxonomy is the delimitation of allopatric species because their reproductive incompatibility cannot be directly studied in the wild. Instead, reproductive incompatibility has to be inferred from multiple, divergent character sets that indicate a low likelihood of allopatric populations amalgamating upon secondary contact. A set of quantitative criteria for species delimitation has been developed for avian taxonomy. Results Here, we report a broad multi-trait comparison of the two insular subspecies of the Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea, endemic to the pine forests of Tenerife (ssp. teydea) and Gran Canaria (ssp. polatzeki) in the Canary Islands. We found that the two taxa were reciprocally monophyletic in their whole mitogenomes and two Z chromosome introns. The genetic distance in mitogenomes indicates around 1 Mya of allopatric evolution. There were diagnostic differences in body morphometrics, song and plumage reflectance spectra, whose combined divergence score (=11) exceeds the threshold level (=7) set for species delimitation by Tobias et al. (Ibis 152:724–746, 2010). Moreover, we found a marked divergence in sperm lengths with little range overlap. Relatively long sperm with low intra- and intermale CV compared to other passerines suggest a mating system with high levels of sperm competition (extrapair paternity) in these taxa. Conclusion The large and diagnostic divergences in multiple functional traits qualify for species rank, i.e., Tenerife Blue Chaffinch (Fringilla teydea) and Gran Canaria Blue Chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki). We encourage a wider use of sperm traits in avian taxonomy because sperm divergences might signal reproductive incompatibility at the postcopulatory prezygotic stage, especially in species with sperm competition.

• Støstad, Hanna Nyborg; Rekdal, Silje Larsen; Kleven, Oddmund; Laskemoen, Terje; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Johnsen, Arild [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Weak geographical structure in sperm morphology across the range of two willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus subspecies in Scandinavia. Journal of Avian Biology. ISSN 0908-8857. 47(5), p. 731–741. doi: 10.1111/jav.00981. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sperm morphology is highly diversified among species and at higher taxonomic levels. In birds, there is also increasing evidence of geographical differentiation in sperm traits within species, especially in those with strong sperm competition. Geographical divergences in sperm traits might imply the formation of a reproductive barrier in a speciation process. Here we study sperm morphology variation of willow warblers Phylloscopus trochilus in a geographical context in Scandinavia, across the range of two subspecies that are differentiated in certain genetic markers, morphology and migratory routes. We describe geographical patterns in genotypes (two previously described single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and four polymorphic microsatellites); in wing length, tarsus length and body mass; and in sperm traits of 330 male willow warblers sampled at 33 localities across Norway (58°N–69°N). Birds were on average larger and longer-winged in the north (spp. acredula) than in the south (spp. trochilus), and showed a sigmoid change in the SNP allele frequencies and body morphology around 65°N. We found no evidence of genetic structuring in the microsatellites. There was no geographical variation in sperm traits across Norway, except that sperm heads were on average longer in the south. Sperm head length was also associated with the two SNP markers, with longer sperm heads for the southern alleles, and midpiece length was weakly associated with one of the SNP markers. Similar among-male variances in total sperm length among the 33 sampling sites indicate uniform levels of sperm competition across Norway. We conclude that sperm morphology remains a rather undifferentiated trait between the two willow warbler subspecies in Scandinavia, which is consistent with a pattern of a shallow genetic divergence. This indicates that sperm morphology is not a reproductive barrier maintaining the narrow hybrid zone.

• Svoboda, Ales; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Pavel, Václav; Chutný, Bohumír; Turčoková, Lucia & Lifjeld, Jan Terje [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Die prävalenz von blutparasiten beim blaukehlchen ist verknüpft mit der unterart und dem bruthabitat. Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. ISSN 0021-8375. 156(2), p. 371–380. doi: 10.1007/s10336-014-1134-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Anttila, K; Couturier, Christine Stephanie; Øverli, Øyvind; Johnsen, Arild; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Nilsson, Göran Erik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Atlantic salmon show capability for cardiac acclimation to warm temperatures. Nature Communications. 5. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5252. Full text in Research Archive
• Brabrand, Åge; Bremnes, Trond; Koestler, Andreas Georg; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Pavels, Henning & Rindal, Eirik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Mass occurrence of bloodsucking blackflies in a regulated river reach: Localization of oviposition habitat of Simulium truncatum using DNA barcoding. River Research and Applications. ISSN 1535-1459. 30(5), p. 602–608. doi: 10.1002/rra.2669. Full text in Research Archive
• Otterbeck, Andreas; Dale, Svein; Lindén, Andreas & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2013). A male Reed Warbler and Marsh Warbler hybrid (Acrocephalus scirpaceus × A. palustris) in Norway documented with molecular methods. Ornis Norvegica. ISSN 1502-0878. 36, p. 6–13. doi: 10.15845/on.v36i0.351. Full text in Research Archive
• Garcia-Del-Rey, Eduardo; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Calabuig, Pascual; Estévez, Loly; Johannessen, Lars Erik & Johnsen, Arild [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Reduced genetic diversity and sperm motility in the endangered Gran Canaria Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea polatzeki. Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. ISSN 0021-8375. 154(3), p. 761–768. doi: 10.1007/s10336-013-0940-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarvik, Leif; Karisch, Timm & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2012). Review of the Afrotropical genus Dracontogena Diakonoff, 1970 (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) with descriptions of eight new species. Zootaxa. ISSN 1175-5326. p. 345–372. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.32. Full text in Research Archive
• Lifjeld, Jan Terje; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Myklebust, M.; Dawson, Deborah A. & Johnsen, Arild (2010). A wild Marsh Warbler x Sedge Warbler hybrid (Acrocephalus palustris x A. schoenobaenus) in Norway documented with molecular markers. Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. ISSN 0021-8375. 151(2), p. 513–517. doi: 10.1007/s10336-009-0469-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Lislevand, Terje; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2009). Sex differences in body size and body condition in breeding Temminck's Stints Calidris temminckii. Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. ISSN 0021-8375. 150(1), p. 299–302. doi: 10.1007/s10336-008-0323-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There have been very few reports of body size measurements of live Temminck’s Stints, but earlier studies have shown sex differences in body mass and tarsus length. Here we use molecular techniques to determine the sex of Temminck’s Stints from a Norwegian breeding population. In total, we report measurements of body weight, wing length, tarsus length, bill length, skull length and keel length from 17 males and 30 females. We found significant sex differences in all of these variables, with the exception of tarsus length. The differences in skull length disappeared after the bill lengths had been subtracted from the measurements. A discriminant function analysis based on wing length and bill length correctly classified 86% of the cases (12/16 males, 25/27 females). Female Temminck’s Stints are known to regularly lay more than one clutch of eggs per season and could therefore be expected to be physiologically deprived of bodily energy stores. Nevertheless, we found females to be in better body condition than males.

• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv; Solheim, Roar & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2009). No phylogeographic structure in the circumpolar snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus). Conservation Genetics. ISSN 1566-0621. 10, p. 923–933. doi: 10.1007/s10592-008-9581-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) is a nomadic species with a circumpolar distribution. It has recently declined in the western Palearctic and may thus be worthy of special consideration for conservation. We investigated genetic structure in three well separated geographic regions within the snowy owls’ breeding range. We sequenced two mitochondrial genes; the control region and cytochrome b, and two Z-chromosome introns; VLDLR-9 and BRM-15. We found no phylogeographic structure among the sampled regions, indicating high levels of gene flow in the recent past and possibly still today. Intra-population diversity did not vary between regions for the control region, but for Cyt b, North American birds had higher haplotype diversity than Scandinavian and eastern Siberian birds. Western Palearctic birds do not seem to be genetically deprived or inbred. Genetic diversity in the snowy owl was not lower than Scandinavian populations of three other owl species: tawny owls (Strix aluco), Tengmalm’s owls (Aegolius funereus) and eagle owls (Bubo bubo).

• Svoboda, Ales; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; turcokova, lucia; Lifjeld, Jan Terje & Johnsen, Arild (2009). Identification of blood parasites in Old World Warbler species from the Danube river delta. Avian Diseases. ISSN 0005-2086. 53(4), p. 634–636. Full text in Research Archive
• Akbari, Akbar; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Lifjeld, Jan Terje; Albregtsen, Fritz; Wennerberg, Liv & Stenseth, Nils Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). Improved DNA fragment length estimation in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. ISSN 0173-0835. 29(6), p. 1273–1285. doi: 10.1002/elps.200700523. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In CE the charged DNA strands are fractionated according to fragment lengths as they migrate through the capillary, since shorter DNA fragments pass through the sieving matrix faster. Multiplexed internal size standards are used to estimate the size of unknown DNA fragments. In the literature there are statements about migration abnormalities for the 250 and 340 bp fragments in the GeneScan-500 (GS500) internal size standards. Such anomalous migration of size standards could obviously introduce errors in the estimation of unknown fragments. Therefore, a number of analysis programs simply exclude some of these fragments. In the present work we first evaluate the effect of excluding each of the fragments in the internal size standards used in CE. Next, a method which is based on estimating the true values of the anomalous fragments is presented. The results obtained by the new method indicate a significant improvement compared to results obtained when one (or both) of the anomalous fragments in GS500 is (are) excluded or included when estimating the size of unknown DNA fragments. In the higher-molecular-weight region, the average error is reduced from 1.91 bp in ABI GeneMapper (excluding 250 bp) to 0.15 bp in the new method (using the estimated values for 250 and 340 bp). In the lower-molecular-weight region, excluding both fragments will improve the results by an average of 0.74 bp compared to ABI GeneMapper.

• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2008). Low support for separate species within the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea-hornemanni-cabaret) from analyses of mtDNA and microsatellite markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. ISSN 1055-7903. 47(3), p. 1005–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.027. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv; Pierce, Elin Pilar & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2008). Phylogeographic origin and genetic diversity of dunlin Calidris alpina in Svalbard. Polar Biology. ISSN 0722-4060. 31(11), p. 1409–1420. doi: 10.1007/s00300-008-0480-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigated the genetic structure of the presumably small (10–100 pairs) and isolated dunlin (Calidris alpina) population breeding in Svalbard, and compared it with similar data recently published from several dunlin populations in the western Palearctic and East Greenland. Using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, as well as data on bill lengths, we sought to infer the phylogeographic origin of Svalbard dunlins and assess their within-population level of genetic diversity. Only dunlins with haplotypes of the European mtDNA clade (EUR) were found in Svalbard, indicating a close resemblance to dunlin populations in East Greenland and Iceland. Microsatellite data for Svalbard dunlins, as well as their short bills, also supported a western origin. The Svalbard population did not show signs of inbreeding or reduced levels of genetic diversity compared to other investigated populations, which suggests that the population was recently founded or is currently subject to considerable gene flow.

• Wennerberg, Liv; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2008). Conservation genetics and phylogeography of southern dunlins Calidris alpina schinzii. Journal of Avian Biology. ISSN 0908-8857. 39(4), p. 423–437. doi: 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04351.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Breeding populations of southern dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii in South Fennoscandia and the Baltic are severely fragmented and declining dramatically. Information on the genetic structure and diversity is therefore of importance for the conservation and management of these populations. Here we present the results of comparative genetic analyses of these populations with other populations of the schinzii, alpina and arctica subspecies in northern Europe. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region and the Z-chromosome intron VLDLR-9, and analyzed microsatellites and AFLPs, for analyses of within-population genetic diversity. We also extended previous analyses of the phylogeographic structure of dunlins in northern Europe with a larger sample of individuals and populations. Our results revealed no evidence of reduced genetic diversity or increased levels of inbreeding in the small and fragmented populations around the Baltic Sea as compared to the more vital and larger populations elsewhere. Nevertheless, their small population sizes and presumably high degree of isolation may lead to local extinctions, indicating that demographic and ecological factors may pose a greater threat to the survival of these populations than purely genetic factors. Phylogeographically, the schinzii populations in Scandinavia and the Baltic do not form a separate genetic clade, but are part of larger cline of genetic variation encompassing several recognized subspecies of dunlins in the western Palearctic region. Only the Icelandic population showed some distinctiveness in genetic structure and might therefore be considered a separate management unit. Our study highlights the general problem of lack of genetic support for subspecies in avian taxonomy and conservation genetics.

• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv; Solheim, Roar & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2008). No phylogeographic structure in the circumpolar snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Conservation Genetics. ISSN 1566-0621. 10(4), p. 923–933. doi: 10.1007/s10592-008-9581-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2007). Phylogeography and subspecies taxonomy of dunlins (Calidris alpina) in western Palearctic analysed by DNA microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. ISSN 0024-4066. 92(4), p. 713–726. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00931.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Kleven, Oddmund; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2006). Male extraterritorial forays, age and paternity in the socially monogamous reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus). Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. ISSN 0021-8375. 147. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Kleven, Oddmund; Brenna, Erik & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2005). Part-time mate guarding affects paternity in male reed buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus). Ethology. ISSN 0179-1613. 111, p. 397–409. Full text in Research Archive

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• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Boer, Hugo de; Hosia, Aino Laila Johanna; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Kongshavn, Katrine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). What’s up with the Norwegian Barcode of Life (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL) has played a central role in mapping Norway’s biodiversity since its establishment in 2008, and has served as the national DNA barcoding infrastructure since 2014. Together with its partners and collaborators, NorBOL has generated DNA barcodes for around 23,000 species, nearly one third of all species thought to occur in Norway. In this talk, we will celebrate some of the milestones of NorBOL and share our vision for the future: the transition of NorBOL into the Norwegian Infrastructure for Molecular Biodiversity Research. This next phase will bring together efforts in biodiversity biobanking across university museums, the development of cutting-edge molecular methods for challenging specimens, and the creation of richer reference libraries spanning DNA barcodes to complete genomes

• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Boer, Hugo de; Hosia, Aino Laila Johanna; Stur, Elisabeth & Aspaas, Aina Mærk [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Lessons learned from NorBOL: Opportunities and challenges building reference libraries of marine, freshwater and terrestrial biotas. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL) was established in 2008 and has since 2014 been Norway’s national research infrastructure for DNA barcoding. Since then, the consortium partners of NorBOL as well as more informal collaborators have generated DNA barcodes of around 22 000 species, roughly one third of the estimated species diversity in Norway. In this presentation we review some of the achievements made and discuss a few challenges we encountered on the way. In NorBOL we have directed our efforts towards multicellular life from all realms and therefore have comparative results from a diverse group of organisms. Our focus in this presentation will be on DNA barcoding of fungi, invertebrates and plants, and how lessons learned from barcoding these organisms can help us to further develop NorBOL to match the goals of BIOSCAN and other biodiversity research and management initiatives

• Cramer, Emily Rebecca Alison; Garcia-del-Rey, Eduardo; Johannessen, Lars Erik; Laskemoen, Terje; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Johnsen, Arild [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Sperm evolution in the Canary Islands chiffchaff. Full text in Research Archive
• Brandrud, Tor Erik; Fadnes, Per; Bendiksen, Egil; Bendiksen, Katriina; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Wollan, Anders Kvalvåg (2021). 24th Nordic Mycological Congress 2019 Stord, Sunnhordland: into the wet wild west. AGARICA. ISSN 0800-1820. 42, p. 139–151. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Five years as national research infrastructure: status of the Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Johnsen, Arild (2019). DNA-strekkoding: genetisk identifisering av arter. Biolog. ISSN 0801-0722. 37(3-4), p. 24–29. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Five years as national research infrastructure: status of the Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Genome. ISSN 0831-2796. 62(6), p. 369–369. doi: 10.1139/gen-2019-0083. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Kongshavn, Katrine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2017). DNA strekkoding av sommerfugler. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Bendiksby, Mika; Brandrud, Tor Erik; Dima, Bálint; Hansen, Lars Ove & Johnsen, Arild [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Discordance between morphology and DNA barcodes in lichens, fungi and insects. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2017). Analyzes in BOLD v4. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Progress and prospects of the Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Progress and prospects of the Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Genome. ISSN 0831-2796. 60(11), p. 930–930. doi: 10.1139/gen-2017-0209. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2015). DNA strekkoding av sopp på Høstsopptreffet 2015. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2015). Siste nytt om DNA strekkoding fra NorBOL. Full text in Research Archive
• Kongshavn, Katrine & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2015). Genetisk strekkoding av sopp i Norge gjennom NorBOL. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Føreid, Marie Kristine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Genome. ISSN 0831-2796. 58(5). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: NorBOL (www.norbol.org) was formed in 2007 as a national network to (i) advance barcoding of Norwegian and Arctic biodiversity, (ii) raise funding, (iii) curate barcode reference material, (iv) coordinate and initiate new barcoding projects, and (v) increase public awareness of DNA barcoding and barcoding results in Norway. NorBOL is a regional node within iBOL, with a particular responsibility for Polar Regions. NorBOL is coordinated by the NTNU University Museum in Trondheim and connects 16 institutions, including all four major natural history museums as well as all major research institutes in Norway. Results: Despite strong support among research institutions, substantial external funding was only first achieved in 2012 through a grant from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Further funding was obtained in 2014 from both the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Since then, barcoding progress of the Norwegian fauna, flora, and fungi has increased, and the Barcode of Life Data Systems database currently holds more than 42 000 published sequence records (27 000 DNA barcodes) of more than 7200 species from Norway. Significance: The goal for NorBOL is to barcode 20 000 species by the end of 2018. NorBOL currently targets barcoding of museum collections, lichens, fungi, marine invertebrates, fish, and material from biosurveillance projects supported by the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative. We collaborate with Swedish institutions on sampling of marine invertebrates, earthworms, and insects. An expansion of inter-Scandinavian barcoding collaboration is in progress. As the standard barcode gene regions have limited taxonomic resolution for the species level in many vascular plant groups, we are engaged in testing if low-coverage shotgun sequencing of herbarium material is useful to obtain the full plant plastid genomes.

• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Føreid, Marie Kristine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: NorBOL (www.norbol.org) was formed in 2007 as a national network to (i) advance barcoding of Norwegian and Arctic biodiversity, (ii) raise funding, (iii) curate barcode reference material, (iv) coordinate and initiate new barcoding projects, and (v) increase public awareness of DNA barcoding and barcoding results in Norway. NorBOL is a regional node within iBOL, with a particular responsibility for Polar Regions. NorBOL is coordinated by the NTNU University Museum in Trondheim and connects 16 institutions, including all four major natural history museums as well as all major research institutes in Norway. Results: Despite strong support among research institutions, substantial external funding was only first achieved in 2012 through a grant from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Further funding was obtained in 2014 from both the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Since then, barcoding progress of the Norwegian fauna, flora, and fungi has increased, and the Barcode of Life Data Systems database currently holds more than 42 000 published sequence records (27 000 DNA barcodes) of more than 7200 species from Norway. Significance: The goal for NorBOL is to barcode 20 000 species by the end of 2018. NorBOL currently targets barcoding of museum collections, lichens, fungi, marine invertebrates, fish, and material from biosurveillance projects supported by the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative. We collaborate with Swedish institutions on sampling of marine invertebrates, earthworms, and insects. An expansion of inter-Scandinavian barcoding collaboration is in progress. As the standard barcode gene regions have limited taxonomic resolution for the species level in many vascular plant groups, we are engaged in testing if low-coverage shotgun sequencing of herbarium material is useful to obtain the full plant plastid genomes.

• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Føreid, Marie Kristine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). The Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  NorBOL (www.norbol.org) was formed in 2007 as a national network to 1) advance barcoding of Norwegian and Arctic biodiversity, 2) raise funding, 3) curate barcode reference material, 4) coordinate and initiate new barcoding projects, and 5) increase public awareness of DNA barcoding and barcoding results in Norway. NorBOL is a regional node within iBOL, with a particular responsibility for Polar Regions. NorBOL is coordinated by the NTNU University Museum in Trondheim and connects 16 institutions, including all four major natural history museums as well as all major research institutes in Norway. Despite strong support among research institutions, substantial external funding was only first achieved in 2012 through a grant from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Further funding was obtained in 2014 from both the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Since then, barcoding progress of the Norwegian fauna, flora and fungi has increased and the Barcode of Life Data Systems database currently holds more than 30 000 DNA barcodes of more than 5000 species from Norway. The goal for NorBOL is to barcode 20,000 species by the end of 2018. NorBOL currently targets barcoding of museum collections, lichens, fungi, coastal marine invertebrates, and material from biosurveillance projects supported by the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative. Collaboration with Swedish institutions on sampling of marine invertebrates for barcoding was initiated in 2006 and on earthworms in 2010. An expansion of inter-Scandinavian barcoding collaboration is in progress.

• Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Helleve, Torstein (2014). DNA-dugnad i soppskogen. [Internet]. forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Aspaas, Aina Mærk & Føreid, Marie Kristine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Norwegian Barcode of Life. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2014). Introduksjon til DNA strekkoding. Full text in Research Archive
• Karlsen, Pål & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2014). Barcoding strek for sterk - En kort introduksjon til Barcode of life. [Journal]. Sopp og nyttevekster. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2014). DNA strekkoding av sopp på NRK Østlandssendingen TV. [TV]. NRK Østlandssendingen. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2014). DNA strekkoding av sopp. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2014). Introduksjon til DNA strekkoding av sopp. Full text in Research Archive
• Ekrem, Torbjørn; Alsos, Inger Greve; Johnsen, Arild; Willassen, Endre; Stur, Elisabeth & Marthinsen, Gunnhild [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). The Norwegian Barcode of Life. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2005). Genetic structure in Dunlins (Calidris alpina) in Northern Europe shown by mtDNA, microsatellites and AFLP. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2005). Truede fugler � bevaringsverdi avhenger av artsdefinisjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Roar; Wennerberg, Liv & Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2005). Ut i naturen. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2005). Hvor flyr snøugla? DNA gir svar. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2005). Dunlins (Calidris alpina) in Northern Europe:Does molecular genetics support the currently recognized subspecies? Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv & Solheim, Roar (2004). Snøuglas fylogeografi; del av "Uglesett". Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2004). Juleuglen - Naturhistorisk museums julekalender i Østlandssendingen. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Roar; Wennerberg, Liv; Marthinsen, Gunnhild & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2004). Hvor langt vandrer snøugla? Snøuglas populasjonsstruktur belyst ved DNA-analyse av museumsmateriale. Vår Fuglefauna. ISSN 0332-5601. 27(2), p. 66–69. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Wennerberg, Liv & Lifjeld, Jan Terje (2004). Population differentiation in dunlins Calidris alpina in Northern Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Brabrand, Åge; Pavels, Henning; Bremnes, Trond; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Dokk, John Gunnar & Museth, Jon (2014). Påvisning av gyteområder for asp og erfaring med bruk av el-fiskebåt i Leira og Nitelva. Naturhistorisk museum, UiO. ISSN 9788279700548. Full text in Research Archive
• Brabrand, Åge; Bremnes, Trond; Marthinsen, Gunnhild; Rindal, Eirik; Pavels, Henning & Saltveit, Svein Jakob [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Masseforekomst av tuneflue og regulering av Ågårdselva og Glomma, Østfold. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Marthinsen, Gunnhild (2003). Mate guarding in relation to paternity in the reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus). Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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