Axel Müller

• Paasche, Hendrik; Dumais, Marie-Andrée; Haase, Claudia; Harrop, John; Larsen, Bjørn Eskil & Menuge, Julian [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2026). Unsupervised clustering for prospectivity mapping of lithium pegmatites in Leinster, Ireland: A transferable workflow. Ore Geology Reviews. ISSN 0169-1368. 195. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107380. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel Bernd; Snook, Ben; Whitehouse, Martin; Williamson, Ben J.; Ganerød, Morgan & Thomas, Rainer [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). The Evje-Iveland pegmatite-hosted but meteoric fluid-generated megabreccias: Markers of Permian-Triassic rifting in South Norway. Lithos. ISSN 0024-4937. 526-527. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2026.108454. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhou, Haoyang & Müller, Axel Bernd (2026). Unearthing Alteration Halos Associated with Paleoproterozoic Nb-Y-F Pegmatites in a Scandinavian Caledonian High-Grade Metamorphic Belt. Economic Geology and The Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. ISSN 0361-0128. 121(1), p. 25–43. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.5199. Full text in Research Archive
• Borges, Patrícia Caixeta; Müller, Axel Bernd; Friis, Henrik; Erambert, Muriel Marie Laure; Huyskens, Magdalena H. & Slama, Jiri (2025). SPODUMENE FORMATION BY STRONG IN SITU FRACTIONATION OF A LITHIUM PEGMATITE IN THE NORWEGIAN CALEDONIDES. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology. 63(6), p. 781–807. doi: 10.3749/2500009. Full text in Research Archive
• Borges, Patrícia Caixeta; Müller, Axel; Friis, Henrik; Erambert, Muriel; Huyskens, Magdalena H. & Sláma, Jiří (2025). Spodumene Formation by Strong <i>In Situ</i> Fractionation of a Lithium Pegmatite in the Norwegian Caledonides. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology. 63(6), p. 807–807. doi: 10.3749/2500009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The Scandinavian Caledonides are generally considered an orogenic region with low lithium (Li) abundance, thus explaining the general absence of spodumene-mineralized pegmatites. However, in the Meløy-Glomfjord area of northern Norway several Caledonian Li-enriched pegmatites have been identified. The most evolved among these is the Ågskardet pegmatite, to date the only known spodumene-bearing pegmatite in the Scandinavian Caledonides. The Ågskardet pegmatite was emplaced in the metasediments of the Caledonian Rödingsfjället Nappe Complex, immediately above the Caledonian basal thrust, under high-grade amphibolite-facies conditions. The pegmatite exhibits complex mineralogical-chemical zoning, which is mapped as a wall zone at the contact with the host rocks, followed by intermediate and core zones. Spodumene crystals, ranging from 2 to 8 cm in size, are rare and restricted to randomly distributed quartz-rich domains within the core zone. Fine-grained albite zones containing abundant colored tourmaline occur discordantly across the intermediate and core zones. We aim to understand the pegmatite-internal fractionation that caused Li enrichment in micas, tourmaline, and quartz and formation of spodumene. Major and trace elements in micas, feldspar, tourmaline, and quartz from the different zones of the pegmatite analyzed by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS reveal a strong chemical zoning of the pegmatite body. However, the original albite zone melt was likely much richer in Li, as evidenced by the high Li content in mica, which can reach up to 2 wt.% Li. Despite this, spodumene formation did not take place during the final stage of pegmatite development. It is suggested that the crystallization of spodumene was suppressed due to the significant Li consumption by mica and tourmaline, whose crystallization was favored by elevated levels of H2O, F, and B in the albite melt. Bulk rock analyses of pegmatite zones and wall rocks indicate that the local Li enrichment of metasediments facilitated the formation of spodumene-bearing pegmatites in the otherwise Li-poor Scandinavian Caledonides.

• Müller, Axel (2025). Diversifikation der Rohstoffimporte Deutschlands am Beispiel Skandinaviens. Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften. ISSN 0947-5850. 166, p. 173–199. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In May 2024, the Critical Raw Materials Act came into force, aiming to secure the supply of critical raw materials for European industry. By 2030, 10% of raw material extraction, 40% of processing, and 25% of recycling of strategic raw materials should take place within the EU. Additionally, no more than 65% of the demand for any raw material should be met from a single non-European country. This latter goal is to be achieved by diversifying the countries from which raw materials are imported. Germany imports large quantities of critical raw materials. Ores that are imported more than 65% from a single country include, among others, magnesium, rare earth metals, and bismuth from China; niobium-tantalum from Thailand; bauxite from Guinea; and lithium from Chile. Supply chains are often built over many years, but sometimes lack sufficient diversity in terms of origin countries. This makes them vulnerable to changes in the geopolitical landscape. The COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, and the trade policies of the current U.S. administration have led to unexpected and abrupt disruptions in global supply chains, affecting Germany as well. As the world’s third-largest importer of nickel, Germany sourced about 40–50% of its refined nickel from Russia until 2022. When Russia considered a nickel export ban, Germany was forced to quickly adjust its import strategy. In this case, Norway was able to cover a large portion of Germany’s nickel imports and has been the most important supplier of refined nickel since 2023, with a share of 29%. The Scandinavian countries – Finland, Sweden, and Norway – are traditional mining nations with significant deposit potential, especially for critical raw materials. Due to their proximity to Germany and stable geopolitical conditions, they are attractive raw material partners. Germany has been importing concentrates or intermediate products of critical raw materials from Scandinavia for many years. In light of the rapidly changing geopolitical situation, greater diversification of raw material import countries should be pursued, with increased involvement of Scandinavia – even if no disruptions in existing supply chains are currently evident.

• Paasche, Hendrik; Dumais, Marie-Andrée; Haase, Claudia; Larsen, Bjørn Eskil; Nasuti, Aziz & Saalmann, Kerstin [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Data-Driven Pegmatite Exploration Targeting in a Geologically Underexplored Area in the Tysfjord Region, Norway. Geophysical Prospecting. ISSN 0016-8025. 73(6). doi: 10.1111/1365-2478.70060. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We compute probabilistic Niobium–Yttrium–Fluorine (NYF) pegmatite prospectivity maps in the Tysfjord region in Northern Norway. NYF pegmatites are generally enriched in rare earth minerals and represent residual melts derived from granitic plutons or melts formed by partial melting of metaigneous rocks. In Tysfjord, however, these pegmatites contain high‐purity quartz, which is the major target commodity of exploration and mining. As the area is geologically underexplored, we employ a data analytics approach for the discovery of new deposits. We carefully lay out our knowledge base and how it impacts the working hypothesis and feature engineering. Self‐organizing maps are employed as an unsupervised and random forest classification as a supervised data analytics algorithm to process and link features derived from airborne magnetic and radiometric maps with sparse pegmatite occurrences available in the form of outcrops and active and abandoned mines. The predictive power of our probabilistic pegmatite prospectivity maps is analysed by means of additional boreholes, which indicates the usefulness of our prospectivity maps for exploration targeting. We recommend employing unsupervised and supervised data analytics approaches in exploration targeting case studies where uncertainty about the predictive power of the available database cannot be ruled out before subjecting the database to data analytics.

• Bunzula, Violeta Lavínia; Müller, Axel; Erambert, Muriel; Schijndel, Valby van; Schulz, Bernhard & Götze, Jens [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). The lithium mineralization potential of Pan-African pegmatites in Mozambique. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. ISSN 0375-6742. 279. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107882. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Pan-African rare-element pegmatites of the Alto Ligonha Pegmatite District in northern Mozambique contain abundant Li-rich micas and primary Li aluminosilicates, such as spodumene. Given the rising global demand for Li in the manufacture of Li-ion batteries, these pegmatites are viewed as potential hard rock sources of Li. In this study, five pegmatites from the Alto Ligonha region were investigated to gain a better understanding of the fractionation processes of pegmatite melts that lead to Li enrichment and to assess the economic potential of the Li mineralization. Mica, quartz, and spodumene collected from various zones within these pegmatites were analyzed. Contents of Li, Rb, Cs, Ta, and Tl in mica and of Li and Al in quartz reveal a very strong internal fractionation of the pegmatite melt with progressing crystallization. Li2O contents in micas increase from 0.1 to 1.4 wt% in the wall zones, to 0.3–1.7 wt% in the intermediate zones, to 1.5–3.8 wt% in the core zones and up to 5.4 wt% in the core zone pockets. Using known mica/melt Li partition coefficients, the Li contents of the melt at the initial crystallization stage was calculated to be between 315 and 3910 ppm for the Li-rich pegmatites. The Li saturation of about 5000 ppm in respect to spodumene crystallization was exceeded for most pegmatites at the final core-zone crystallization. The theoretical calculations confirm field observations that spodumene occurs in pegmatite core zones only. The analyzed spodumene show low and variable bulk Li2O contents between 1.2 and 3.0 wt%. The low Li contents in spodumene are mainly the result of kaolinization due to tropical weathering. The final deposition of the released Li, however, could not be identified. Inferred resource calculations revealed that the investigated pegmatites contain low Li2O tonnages. However, spodumene as well as Li-rich mica might be mined selectively as a by-product of gemstone and columbite-tantalite mining.

• Müller, Axel; Brönner, Marco; Menuge, Julian; Williamson, Ben; Haase, Claudia & Tassis, Georgios [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2025). The GREENPEG Project Toolset to Explore for Buried Pegmatites Hosting Lithium, High-Purity Quartz, and Other Critical Raw Materials. Economic Geology and The Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. ISSN 0361-0128. 120(3), p. 745–778. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.5143. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This contribution is a new multimethod toolset to explore for buried, small-scale (0.01–5 million m3) rare metal and high-purity quartz pegmatites, which was developed as part of the four-and-a-half-year European Union H2020 GREENPEG project. It is underpinned by a complementary suite of existing, revised, and new methodologies, the use of three GREENPEG-developed geophysical exploration devices (EASA-certified, helicopter-compatible nose stinger magnetometer, piezoelectric seismograph, and drone-borne hyperspectral system), and two new databases (spectral library and petrophysical database for pegmatite ores). The toolset is based on the latest understanding of how pegmatites form and become enriched in ore minerals. In this regard, the theoretical component of the toolset resembles that of a comprehensive review article. The toolset has been tested in four active pegmatite exploration areas in a representative range of European surface environments—from coastal Arctic to temperate forest, alpine, and Mediterranean settings. Individual tools or tool combinations can be used to vector toward buried pegmatite-related mineralization, such as for Li, high-purity quartz for silica and metallic Si, ceramic feldspar, rare earth elements, Ta, Be, and Cs, to maximize the success of subsequent more costly exploration such as drilling in ways that optimize environmental, social, and governance outcomes. The tools are optimized for the small size, variable surface environment, depth, geologic setting, mineralogy, chemistry, and often highly variable physicochemical properties of pegmatite ore deposits. They can be used at province, district, and/or prospect scale. This guide is for those who have exploration knowledge and/or experience but who may be new or need updating in the state of the art of pegmatite exploration.

• Hopfner, Mario; Brönner, Marco; Carter, Lawrence; Nazari-Dehkordi, Teimoor; Menuge, Julian & Müller, Axel [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Vectoring towards buried high-purity quartz metapegmatites using low-elevation radiometric and soil geochemical surveying: Method validation in Tysfjord, Norway. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. ISSN 0375-6742. 270. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107667. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Group 2/NYF pegmatites may be economically enriched in rare minerals. In this study we report testing of two exploration methods, gamma ray surveying and soil geochemical mapping, undertaken within the GREENPEG project. Palaeoproterozoic metapegmatites in the Tysfjord area, Nordland, Norway, include some which have been mined for pure quartz. Geologically, the ore zones are the quartz cores of metapegmatites whose other zones and metasomatic halos are enriched in U, Th, REE, Nb and other rare elements. The Jennyhaugen metapegmatite was the main test site because its subcrop beneath 0.1–1.0 m soil can be traced from an open pit mine, and aerial surveying is unobstructed by trees. Helicopter-borne radiometry at 60 m altitude and drone-borne radiometry at 25–35 m altitude detect the metapegmatite, while walking (1.0 or 1.6 m height) and 15 m altitude drone-borne radiometry resolve the metapegmatite and metasomatic halo subcrop in detail. Total gamma ray count measurements provide as good an exploration tool as Th or U radiation; K radiation does not show useful anomalies. Both A- and C-horizon soil geochemical mapping also reveal U, Th, Nb and other geochemical anomalies above metapegmatite and halo subcrop. A-horizon soil samples appear to more accurately locate these targets, perhaps because they effectively sample larger surface areas of subcropping rock, whose grain size is very coarse (typically metre scale) within the metapegmatite. C-horizon samples collected from the soil-rock interface are less likely to be representative of the metapegmatite. Gamma ray surveying is recommended rather than soil chemical mapping for exploration, by helicopter at district scale and by drone or walking at prospect scale. It is quicker, requires less field workers, has higher resolution and is less expensive than soil geochemical mapping. Soil chemistry may be preferred for prospect-scale exploration, however, where the commodity sought does not spatially correlate with U and/or Th concentrations.

• Santos, Douglas; Azzalini, Antonio; Mendes, Ariane; Cardoso-Fernandes, Joana; Lima, Alexandre & Müller, Axel [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Optimizing Exploration: Synergistic approaches to minimize false positives in pegmatite prospecting – A comprehensive guide for remote sensing and mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews. ISSN 0169-1368. 175. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106347. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Pegmatites represent a critical source of raw materials for the European Union’s future, emphasizing the need to explore new deposits. Remote sensing plays a pivotal role in early-stage pegmatite exploration, generating prospectivity maps to facilitate field validation. The higher the false positive rate, the higher the time and costs required for field campaigns. This study aims to devise an approach that minimizes false positives, optimizing the work of the exploration field team. The proposed method seeks to create mineral prospectivity maps that accurately pinpoint high potential areas for pegmatite occurrences with minimal false positives occurrence through the application of fuzzy logic and leveraging the best mapping methods identified in prior research, in the Tysfjord region, northern Norway. Data from two multispectral satellites, namely WorldView-3 (WV3) and Sentinel-2, as well as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data point cloud, were used, the last allowing the creation of a high-resolution hillshade map. Two classification methods were applied to the satellite images to leverage their individual advantages while minimizing possible weaknesses: the Mixture Tunned Matched Filtering (MTMF) using the Spectral Hourglass Wizard (SHW) Workflow and boosting through the LightGBM (LGBM) algorithm. These classification methods were employed to identify potential points for pegmatite exploration as these rocks have gained economic importance for being sources of raw materials such as high-purity quartz, ceramic feldspars, and Rare Earth Elements (REE). The high-resolution hillshade map was used to extract geological structures in the study area. The results of the fuzzy logic approach indicate potential locations of interest for pegmatite prospecting, providing a more comprehensive analysis of the remote sensing methods in the Tysfjord area. The resulting map seamlessly integrates into reports, streamlining field validation and supports informed decision-making. The methodology proposed in this study can be adaptable to other targets (minerals and rocks) and can be used as a guide for exploration worldwide.

• Keyser, William Mark; Müller, Axel; Augland, Lars Eivind & Steiner, Ralf (2024). Rare-metal halos of lithium pegmatite at the Wolfsberg deposit, Austria, and their implications for exploration. Ore Geology Reviews. ISSN 0169-1368. 171. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106179. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Austroalpine Unit Pegmatite Province (AUPP) in the eastern European Alps hosts abundant Permian-aged, variably rare-metal-enriched pegmatite bodies. However, only a small number containing spodumene [LiAlSi2O6] have been discovered. Here, we characterize three drill cores from the AUPP’s largest spodumene pegmatite resource, the Wolfsberg deposit (Austria), to determine the extent of rare-metal halo formation within different host rock types generated by pegmatite-derived fluids and their applicability to spodumene pegmatite exploration. The halos in both mica schist and amphibolite host rocks, as quantified via whole-rock mass-balance calculations, are characterized by enrichments in Li, Cs, Sn, Rb and Tl, amongst others, elements which were highly mobile during initial interactions between pegmatite-derived fluids and host rocks. The concentrations of these elements within the halos can be several times that present in unaltered host rock. They are most enriched in altered host rock interbedded or at the contacts with pegmatite, and decrease with distance from pegmatite to a distance of at least 4 m in mica schist and <3 m in amphibolite. Lithium, and in mica schist, Cs, have the most consistent and furthest extending halos, with respective concentrations of >590 ppm and >40 ppm in mica schist, and >390 ppm Li in amphibolite indicating proximity to spodumene pegmatite. An ID-TIMS U-Pb titanite age of ca. 103 Ma derived from a rare-metal-enriched amphibolite within the alteration halo reflects recrystallization of the Permian protolith during the Cretaceous Alpine orogeny and indicates preservation of the original pegmatite signature through eclogite-facies metamorphism. Recognition of rare-metal halos surrounding pegmatite at Wolfsberg serves as a potential geochemical exploration tool for spodumene pegmatite within the AUPP and may be applicable to other regions.

• Glorie, Stijn; Simpson, Alexander; Gilbert, Sarah; Hand, Martin & Müller, Axel (2024). Testing the reproducibility of in situ Lu-Hf dating using Lu-rich garnet from the Tørdal pegmatites, southern Norway. Chemical Geology. ISSN 0009-2541. 653. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122038. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In situ Lusingle bondHf geochronology offers the potential for direct dating of garnet within petrographic context. However, the method requires matrix-matched standards to calibrate measured Lu/Hf ratios. In order to assess the accuracy of this calibration, as well as the reproducibility of the resulting Lusingle bondHf dates, two Lu-rich (up to 1 wt% Lu) garnet samples from the Tørdal pegmatite field in southern Norway were analysed over six analytical sessions. Multi-session isochron Lusingle bondHf dates of 930.3 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD = 1.0, 164 analyses) and 930.3 ± 1.7 Ma (MSWD = 1.5; 125 analyses) were obtained, conform with previously published age constraints. The relative standard deviation of 0.1% between the analytical sessions indicates that the dates are highly reproducible. For each individual analytical session, age uncertainties of 0.3–0.6% were achieved by measuring high Lu count rates in analog detection mode. We further describe a calibration strategy that deals with Lusingle bondHf datasets where Lu is measured in both pulse and analog detector mode. Given the high analytical precision and reproducibility, we suggest that the Tørdal garnets are suitable reference materials for future LA-ICP-MS/MS Lusingle bondHf studies.

• Qiu, Kun-Feng; Zhou, Tong; Chew, David; Hou, Zhao-Liang; Müller, Axel & Yu, Hao-Cheng [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Apatite trace element composition as an indicator of ore deposit types: A machine learning approach. American Mineralogist. ISSN 0003-004X. 109(2), p. 303–314. doi: 10.2138/am-2022-8805. Full text in Research Archive
• Sittner, Jonathan; Götze, Jens; Müller, Axel; Renno, Axel D.; Ziegenrücker, René & Pan, Yuanming (2024). Trace element analysis and luminescence behavior of quartz in pegmatites of the Tørdal Region, Norway. Chemical Geology. ISSN 0009-2541. 670. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122427. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This publication presents a study on the mineral chemistry and luminescence properties of quartz samples from pegmatites of the Tørdal region in Norway. A total of 12 samples were analyzed using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR), and Cathodoluminescence (CL) to gain insights into their trace element concentration and distribution as well as their luminescence behavior. The samples are characterized by different Cl emissions at 450 nm, 500 nm 650 nm and an additional shoulder at 390 nm, which is only partially visible due to the absorption of the glass optics. Of these luminescence bands, the 500 nm band is the most dominant in most samples and it is characterized by an initial blue-green luminescence, which is not stable under electron irradiation. Moreover, it is characterized by a heterogeneous distribution within the samples. This luminescence can be mostly assigned to [AlO4/M+]0 defects, with charge compensation mostly achieved by Li+. Analyses by EPR spectroscopy prove the dominance of structurally bound Al, Li, and Ti ions in the investigated samples. Further analyses using SIMS mapping demonstrate that Na and K are mainly bound to micro fractures or inclusions, suggesting a limited role in the compensation of the luminescence centers. Additionally, the SIMS mappings show that some samples contain Al-rich clusters of 10 to 20 μm in diameter, whereas other trace elements are characterized by a homogeneous distribution. These clusters correspond to bright luminescence areas in size and shape and could potentially indicate H+ compensated [AlO4/M+]0 defects.

• Cruz, Erika De LA; Müller, Axel; Trumbull, Robert B.; Faria, Pedro; Andersen, Tom & Erambert, Muriel [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Boron sources of tourmaline-rich Nb-Y-F-pegmatites in south Norway: Implications for pegmatite melt origin. Precambrian Research. ISSN 0301-9268. 410. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107474. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Tourmaline is common in rare element pegmatites of the Nb-Y-F (NYF) type in the south-central part of the Proterozoic Sveconorwegian orogen in southern Norway. In the global context, however, tourmaline appears rare in this type of pegmatite. This study aims to explain the unusual tourmaline abundance in these pegmatites and the origin of boron (B) in the respective melts, and to raise awareness of tourmaline in NYF pegmatites generally. Tourmalines from six pegmatites in three Sveconorwegian lithotectonic units: Bamble, Kongsberg and Idefjorden, were investigated in terms of their mineral chemistry and δ11B values, in addition to bulk rock analyses of pegmatites and host rocks. Tourmalines in pegmatites from Bamble and Kongsberg record B isotopic compositions (δ11B = -1.0 to + 9.9 ‰) that are heavy relative to continental crust and mantle sources. In contrast, tourmaline in pegmatites and host rocks from Idefjorden have light B isotopic ratios (δ11B = -14.8 to −12.5 ‰) that are typical crustal values. We suggest that the latter melts were sourced from orthogneisses at depth. We relate the heavy B isotopic composition of Bamble and Kongsberg pegmatites to regional Na-metasomatism by fluids sourced from Mesoproterozoic shallow marine sediments. This is supported by previously published δ11B ratios from metasomatized Bamble host rocks. The spatial association of pegmatites with Na-metasomatism in the basement rocks suggests that metasomatism enhanced the fertility and B-concentration in the affected lithologies, favouring partial melting and the formation of tourmaline-bearing pegmatites. These findings contribute to understanding the petrogenesis of Sveconorwegian pegmatites but they also imply that B can play a greater role in the formation of NYF pegmatites than previously thought and that tourmaline has value as a petrogenetic tool in this type of pegmatites as well as in the Li-Cs-Ta (LCT) type to which is it is more commonly applied.

• Götze, Jens; Möckel, Robert; Pan, Yuanming & Müller, Axel (2023). Geochemistry and formation of agate-bearing lithophysae in Lower Permian volcanics of the NW-Saxonian Basin (Germany). Mineralogy and Petrology. ISSN 0930-0708. doi: 10.1007/s00710-023-00841-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Tassis, Georgios; Müller, Axel; Larsen, B.E. & Brönner, Marco (2023). GPR and ERT Application for the Detection and Characterization of NYF-type Pegmatite Deposits in Tysfjord, Norway. EAGE Conference and Exhibition. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhou, Haoyang; Müller, Axel & Berndt, Jasper (2023). Quartz chemistry fingerprints melt evolution and metamorphic modifications in high-purity quartz deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. ISSN 0016-7037. 356, p. 179–195. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2023.07.015. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosing-Schow, Nanna; Romer, Rolf L.; Müller, Axel; Corfu, Fernando; Skoda, R. & Friis, Henrik (2023). Geochronological constraints for a two-stage history of the Sveconorwegian rare-element pegmatite province formation. Precambrian Research. ISSN 0301-9268. 384. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106944. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most pegmatites of southern Norway seem to be derived from anatectic melting of metamorphic rocks during the Sveconorwegian orogeny rather than to be highly evolved residual melts derived from granites. We test this hypothesis by providing new age data for thirteen pegmatites and one granite. Based on these new age data, we distinguish two age groups of Sveconorwegian pegmatites (>1,000 m3 in size); Group 1: 1100–1030 Ma and Group 2: 930–890 Ma. All pegmatites except those from the Østfold area crystallized significantly earlier or later than adjacent granites. The Tørdal granite, yielding an age of 946 ± 4 Ma, is about 40 Ma older than the adjacent pegmatites. Field evidence and the age difference between pegmatites and granites supports an anatectic origin for these pegmatites. Sources of these pegmatite melts are biotite- and biotite-amphibole gneisses and amphibolites. Group 1 pegmatites formed in transpressional regimes after peak metamorphism, whereas Group 2 pegmatites formed in an extensional regime and the required heat for partial melting was provided by mafic magma underplating. Differences in the rheological behavior of amphibolite and granitic gneiss during extensional tectonics are the major reason why Group 2 pegmatites occur preferentially in large amphibolite bodies. Under mid-crustal conditions, amphibolite reacts brittle to semi-brittle forming open structures in an extensional tectonic regime where partial melts drained into. Granitic gneisses react in a ductile manner and do not have the ability to drain partial melt. Pegmatite formation in the Grenville Province, i.e., the Laurentian part of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian orogenic belt, formed between ca. 1090 and 980 Ma peaking at 1010 to 980 Ma. Thus, the Grenville peak postdates the Sveconorwegian Group 1 peak by about 30 Ma. These pegmatites formed in similar orogenic settings, implying that similar tectono-metamorphic developments along the Grenville–Sveconorwegian orogenic belt were diachronous. We conclude that local anatexis is the major pegmatite-melt forming process in the Sveconorwegian as well as Grenville orogen. Local anatexis also may be important in other pegmatite provinces.

• Müller, Axel; Kirwin, Doug & Seltmann, Reimar (2023). Textural characterization of unidirectional solidification textures related to Cu–Au deposits and their implication for metallogenesis and exploration. Mineralium Deposita. ISSN 0026-4598. doi: 10.1007/s00126-023-01175-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Roda-Robles, Encarnacion (2023). Editorial for the Special Issue “Petrology and Mineralogy of Pegmatite Deposits”. Minerals. 13(6). doi: 10.3390/min13060818. Full text in Research Archive
• Keyser, William Mark; Müller, Axel; Steiner, Ralf; Erambert, Muriel; Kristoffersen, Magnus & Unterweissacher, Thomas (2023). Alpine eclogite-facies modification of Li-Cs-Ta pegmatite from the Wolfsberg lithium deposit, Austria. Mineralium Deposita. ISSN 0026-4598. 58, p. 1191–1210. doi: 10.1007/s00126-023-01176-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The Wolfsberg lithium deposit in Austria is one of the largest Li-Cs-Ta pegmatite resources in Europe. The deposit is part of the Austroalpine Unit Pegmatite Province in the Eastern Alps that formed during the high-temperature, low-pressure Permian extensional event and was subsequently overprinted by Cretaceous eclogite-facies metamorphism during the Alpine orogeny. The two pegmatite types distinguished at the deposit, amphibolite hosted-(AHP) and mica schist hosted-(MHP) pegmatite, consist of quartz, albite, K-feldspar, muscovite and spodumene with accessory apatite, beryl and columbite. Both pegmatite types have similar peraluminous granitic compositions and element distribution patterns. However, the AHP contains higher Li and Cs concentrations. Both pegmatite types display LREE-enriched/HREE-depleted chondrite-normalized REY patterns that suggest derivation from partial melting of basement mica schist during the Permian HT/LP extensional event. The Alpine metamorphism more strongly affected the MHP relative to the AHP, resulting in recrystallization of primary assemblages by metamorphic assemblages with lower rare-metal concentrations, and development of a strong foliation, during which (re)mobilized elements (e.g., Li, Cs) were concentrated along localized shear zones. Recognition of element remobilization in MHP associated with metamorphic overprinting may bear important implications towards mineral exploration for Li-Cs-Ta pegmatite in other strongly metamorphosed terranes.

• Keyser, William Mark; Müller, Axel; Knoll, Tanja; Menuge, Julian F.; Steiner, Ralf & Berndt, Jasper [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Quartz chemistry of lithium pegmatites and its petrogenetic and economic implications: Examples from Wolfsberg (Austria) and Moylisha (Ireland). Chemical Geology. ISSN 0009-2541. 630. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121507. Full text in Research Archive
• Knies, Jochen Manfred; Schönenberger, Jasmin; Zwingmann, Horst; Lelij, Roelant van der; Smelror, Morten & Vullum, Per Erik [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Continental weathering and recovery from ocean nutrient stress during the Early Triassic Biotic Crisis. Communications Earth & Environment. 3(1). doi: 10.1038/s43247-022-00480-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Following the latest Permian extinction ∼252 million years ago, normal marine and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for another 5-9 million years. The driver(s) for the Early Triassic biotic crisis, marked by high atmospheric CO2 concentration, extreme ocean warming, and marine anoxia, remains unclear. Here we constrain the timing of authigenic K-bearing mineral formation extracted from supergene weathering profiles of NW-Pangea by Argon geochronology, to demonstrate that an accelerated hydrological cycle causing intense chemical alteration of the continents occurred between ∼254 and 248 Ma, and continued throughout the Triassic period. We show that enhanced ocean nutrient supply from this intense continental weathering did not trigger increased ocean productivity during the Early Triassic biotic crisis, due to strong thermal ocean stratification off NW Pangea. Nitrogen isotope constraints suggest, instead, that full recovery from ocean nutrient stress, despite some brief amelioration ∼1.5 million years after the latest Permian extinction, did not commence until climate cooling revitalized the global upwelling systems and ocean mixing ∼10 million years after the mass extinctio

• Müller, Axel; Romer, Rolf L.; Augland, Lars Eivind; Zhou, Haoyang; Rosing-Schow, Nanna & Spratt, John [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Two-stage regional rare-element pegmatite formation at Tysfjord, Norway: implications for the timing of late Svecofennian and late Caledonian high-temperature events. International journal of earth sciences. ISSN 1437-3254. 111, p. 987–1007. doi: 10.1007/s00531-022-02166-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Pegmatite fields within granite plutons are commonly considered to have formed from residual melts of their host. This is not always true as demonstrated by the Tysfjord granite gneiss and its two groups of pegmatites. The Tysfjord granite gneiss, exposed in a tectonic window of the Caledonides of northern Norway, is part of the transscandinavian igneous belt (TIB) that includes several phases of granitic magmatism. In the northern Hamarøy area (Drag-Finnøy), where most rare-element pegmatites occur, Paleoproterozoic and metamorphosed Group 1 allanite–(Ce)–fluorite metapegmatites have similar bulk rock chemical composition as the TIB granite gneiss rocks, indicating that these pegmatites are residual melts. Group 1 metapegmatites, which are up to 400 m in size, are among the largest known intra-plutonic pegmatites with Nb–Y–F (NYF) signature. The formation of these unusually large granite-hosted NYF pegmatites may have been facilitated by the overall high F content of TIB granite gneisses. Undeformed Group 2 amazonite–tourmaline pegmatites yield columbite and zircon U–Pb ages in the range 400–379 Ma. These pegmatites are interpreted to be anatectic melts that formed from the partial melting of Tysfjord granite gneiss. Group 2 pegmatites, including those from Træna Island and the Sjona tectonic window (400 and 414 Ma), formed during late Caledonian ductile shearing and incipient unroofing of the central Scandinavian Caledonides and record progressively younger ages of this event from SW to NE.

• Müller, Axel; Reimer, Wolfgang; Wall, Frances; Williamson, Ben J; Menuge, Julian & Brönner, Marco [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2022). Das Horizont GREENPEG Projekt: Neue Explorationsmethoden für die Erkundung von europäischen Pegmatitlagerstätten – ein Beitrag zur Energiewende. Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften. ISSN 0947-5850. 154, p. 55–75. Full text in Research Archive
• Santos, Douglas; Cardoso-Fernandes, Joana; Lima, Alexandre; Müller, Axel; Brönner, Marco & Teodoro, Ana Cláudia (2022). Spectral analysis to improve inputs to Random Forest and other boosted ensemble tree-based algorithms for detecting NYF Pegmatites in Tysfjord, Norway. Remote Sensing. doi: 10.3390/rs14153532. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As an important source of lithium and rare earth elements (REE) and other critical elements, pegmatites are of great strategic economic interest for present and future technological development. Identifying new pegmatite deposits is a strategy adopted by the European Union (EU) to decrease its import dependence on non-European countries for these raw materials. It is in this context that the GREENPEG project was established, an EU project whose main objective is to identify new deposits of pegmatites in Europe in an environmentally friendly way. Remote sensing is a non-contact exploration tool that allows for identifying areas of interest for exploration at the early stage of exploration campaigns. Several RS methods have been developed to identify Li-Cs-Ta (LCT) pegmatites, but in this study, a new methodology was developed to detect Nb-Y-F (NYF) pegmatites in the Tysfjord area in Norway. This methodology is based on spectral analysis to select bands of the Sentinel 2 satellite and adapt RS methods, such as Band Ratios and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to be used as input in the Random Forest (RF) and other tree-based ensemble algorithms to improve the classification accuracy. The results obtained are encouraging, and the algorithm was able to successfully identify the pegmatite areas already known and new locations of interest for exploration were also defined.

• Spjelkavik, Skule Olaus Svendsen & Müller, Axel (2022). As clear as crystal? An attempt at sourcing hydrothermal quartz crystals from the Early Mesolithic site ‘Mohalsen-I’, Vega Island, Norway using LA-ICP-MS and SEM-CL. In Olsen, Dag Erik Færø (Eds.), The Stone Age Conference in Bergen 2017. Universitetet i Bergen. ISSN 9788284360027. p. 31–55. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article describes an attempt at sourcing hydrothermal quartz crystals from the Early Mesolithic site Mohalsen-I by comparing four pieces of debitage with quartz crystal samples from 19 known quartz crystal occurrences in Norway. Through identifying a possible source, the hope was that we could shed light on mobility patterns and raw material procurement strategies in the research area. The samples were analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL). Through analysing SEM-CL images and the chemical composition of five samples from the BergliaGlassberget occurrence in Lierne, we found similar structural features and chemical concentrations of selected trace elements in the samples. This indicates that the method is a viable approach to sourcing hydrothermal quartz crystals from archaeological contexts. However, no clear parallel for the samples from Mohalsen-I was discovered, indicating that the source is not among the quartz crystal occurrences analysed here. The research conducted will serve as a basis for potential future investigations and as a reference for similar studies.

• Zhou, Haoyang; Müller, Axel; Augland, Lars Eivind; Kristoffersen, Magnus & Erambert, Muriel (2022). Titanite links rare-element (meta-)pegmatite mineralization to Caledonian metamorphism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. ISSN 0016-7037. 332, p. 285–306. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2022.06.014. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The metamorphic reworking of mineralized pegmatites during orogenesis remains unclear, making the genesis and the tectonomagmatic significance of pegmatite mineralization obscure. This study demonstrates the multiple utilities of titanite geochemistry in establishing the Caledonian metamorphic evolution of the world’s largest intra-plutonic Nb-Y-F pegmatites in the Paleoproterozoic host rocks in Tysfjord, Northern Norway. A combination of titanite-specific barometry, Zr-in-titanite thermobarometry, and titanite U-Pb geochronology yields peak metamorphism of ∼12 kbar and 730–750 °C at ∼410 Ma for the host rocks and the largest metamorphosed Paleoproterozoic pegmatite (meta-pegmatite) in the region. In relation to published U-Pb ages of 410–400 Ma for other regional meta-pegmatites, interpreted as Caledonian overprinting here, we argue that the Paleoproterozoic pegmatite protoliths have undergone metamorphism analogous to the host rocks, which was caused by allochthonous nappe stacking late in the Caledonian collisional orogeny (∼440–400 Ma). Published formation ages of ∼400–380 Ma for the regional undeformed pegmatites are 10–30 Ma younger than the peak metamorphism, supporting an anatectic link to the Caledonian post-collisional extension. The Caledonian orogeny led to strong shearing of preexisting pegmatite bodies and resetting of trace elements and U-Pb isotopic systems of the constituent minerals via mineral re-crystallization, inheritance of Pb isotopic components, and element diffusion. This cautions against the interpretation of meta-pegmatite-derived ages and geochemical information in tectonomagmatic terranes without detailed textural investigation.

• Müller, Axel; Reimer, Wolfgang; Wall, Frances; Williamson, Ben J; Menuge, Julian & Brönner, Mario [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). GREENPEG – exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition: first steps towards the Green Stone Age. Geological Society Special Publication. ISSN 0305-8719. 526(1), p. 193–218. doi: 10.1144/SP526-2021-189. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The GREENPEG project, which is funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 ‘Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials’ programme, aims to develop multimethod exploration toolsets for the identification of European, buried, small-scale (0.01–5 million m 3 ) pegmatite ore deposits of the Nb–Y–F (NYF) and Li–Cs–Ta (LCT) chemical types. The project is being coordinated by the Natural History Museum of the University of Oslo and involves four exploration services/mining operators, one geological survey, one non-profit helix association of administration, industry and academia, two consulting companies and five academic institutions from eight European countries. The target raw materials are Li, high-purity quartz for silica and metallic Si, ceramic feldspar, rare earth elements, Ta, Be and Cs, which are naturally concentrated in granitic pegmatites. Silicon and Li are two of the most sought-after green technology metals as they are essential for photovoltaics and Li-ion batteries for electric cars, respectively. GREENPEG will change the focus of exploration strategies from large-volume towards small-volume, high-quality ores and overcome the lack of exploration technologies for pegmatite ore deposits by developing toolsets tailored to these ore types. This contribution focuses on the methods applied in the GREENPEG project and as such provides a potential pathway towards the ‘Green Stone Age’ from the perspective of pegmatite-sourced minerals.

• Wise, Michael; Müller, Axel & Simmons, William B. (2022). A proposed new mineralogical classification system for granitic pegmatites. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 60, p. 229–229. doi: 10.3749/canmin.1800006. Full text in Research Archive
• Molinero-García, Alberto; Müller, Axel; Martín-García, J.M.; Simonsen, Siri & Delgado, R. (2022). Provenance of quartz grains from soils over Quaternary terraces along the Guadalquivir River, Spain. Geoderma. ISSN 0016-7061. 414. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115769. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The characterisation of quartz grains’ chemical and mineralogical properties in sediments and sedimentary rocks is widely used in provenance studies. This paper analyses quartz grains from the coarse sand fraction in soils in Quaternary fluvial terraces (Guadalquivir River, southern Spain). The tentative soil ages are 0.3 ka (Haplic Fluvisol), 7 ka (Haplic Calcisol), 70 ka (Cutanic Luvisol), 300 ka (Lixic Calcisol) and 600 ka (Cutanic Luvisol). The quartz grains analyses shed light on the sedimentological history of these terraces. Scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) characteristics, micro inclusion inventory established by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and trace element contents determined with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of quartz grains permitted distinguishing six types of grains in the soils studied: metamorphic quartz (type 1), undeformed granitic quartz (type 2), strongly altered granitic quartz (type 3), recrystallised (deformed) granitic quartz (type 4), sandstone-derived quartz (type 5) and hydrothermal quartz grains (type 6). Metamorphic quartz grains (type 1) come from the Sierra Morena (Iberian Massif) and Sierra Nevada (Internal Betic Zone). Granitic quartz grains (types 2 to 4) come from Los Pedroches batholith and its associated plutons (Santa Elena and Linares). The sandstone-derived quartz type 5 comes from the numerous sandstone outcrops scattered in the central catchment area of the Guadalquivir River. Finally, hydrothermal quartz grains (type 6) originate from hydrothermal veins associated with subvolcanic rocks of the Los Pedroches batholith. Variations were noted in the proportions of quartz types in soils of different ages, attributed to spatial and temporal changes in the catchment area. The most remarkable change occurred between 500 and 240 ka ago when the catchment area extended into Sierra Nevadás metamorphic rocks, well reflected in type 1 content (lower in P2, P4, P5 and PM) and their characteristics (quartz with less healed fractures, less Al content, bigger mica microinclusions, smaller Al/Ti ratio) in the post-500–240 ka soils. Our study shows that the combined study of SEM-CL characteristics, micro inclusions (SEM-EDX), and trace element contents (LA-ICP-MS) of quartz grains is an efficient approach for characterising the provenance of quartz grains in the sand fraction of soils.

• Rosing-Schow, Nanna; Andersen, Tom & Müller, Axel (2022). Lead Isotopes and the Sources of Granitic Magmas: The Sveconorwegian Granite and Pegmatite Province of Southern Norway. Minerals. 12(7). doi: 10.3390/min12070878. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Ehle, Henrik (2021). Rapid ore classification for real-time mineral processing optimization at the Niederschlag multi-generation hydrothermal barite-fluorite vein deposit, Germany. Mineralium Deposita. ISSN 0026-4598. doi: 10.1007/s00126-020-01037-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel; Keyser, William; Simmons, William B.; Webber, Karen; Wise, Michael & Beurlen, Hartmut [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Quartz chemistry of granitic pegmatites: Implications for classification, genesis and exploration. Chemical Geology. ISSN 0009-2541. 584. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120507. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Quartz from 254 pegmatites representing eight pegmatite fields and provinces worldwide was investigated by laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to determine concentrations of trace elements Al, Ti, Li, Ge, B, Be, Rb, Na, K, Ca, P, Ga, Sb, Zn and U. A total of 271 new analyses combined with 535 published LA-ICP-MS quartz chemistry data were evaluated with binary and ternary trace element discrimination plots and principal component analysis (PCA). The classifications applied for discrimination of pegmatite types include the widely applied NYF(Nb-Y-F) - LCT(Li-Cs-Ta) classification and the new RMG (pegmatites derived from residual melts of granite magmatism) - DPA (pegmatites as direct products of anatexis) grouping. Pegmatites of both classifications can be well distinguished via Al-Ti, Al-Li and Al/Ti-Ge/Ti binary trace element plots and the Ti - Al/10 - 10*Ge ternary diagram. PCA applied to Al, Li, Ti, Be, B, Ge and Rb contents in quartz allowed to further distinguish between anatectic DPA-1 (Li-enriched DPA) and granite-pluton-derived RMG-1 (Li-enriched RMG) pegmatites. Some pegmatite fields and provinces (Hagendorf-Pleystein, Oxford County) are distinguishable by region-specific Li, Ge and Al contents. The results imply that the chemistry of pegmatite quartz is mainly controlled by the origin (source rock chemistry) of pegmatite melts and, to a much lesser extent, by the geodynamic setting of the pegmatite fields and provinces. Chemically primitive NYF and DPA-2 type pegmatites contain quartz with the lowest total trace-element contents and lowest internal-pegmatite trace-element variation, making it potentially suitable for high-tech application. Pegmatite quartz containing >30 μgg-1 Li and >100 μgg-1 Al is strongly indicative of economic spodumene/montebrasite mineralization and, thus, serves as a strong Li-mineralization pathfinder mineral. Quartz with >5 μgg-1 B may be a potential indicator for gem-quality tourmaline mineralization.

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• Müller, Axel; Halls, Christopher & Williamson, Ben J (2022). Mermaids - Art, Symbolism and Mythology. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 9781804130032. 168 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Cruz, Erika De La; Müller, Axel; Trumbull, Robert B.; Faria, Pedro; Andersen, Tom & Erambert, Muriel [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Boron sources of tourmaline-rich Nb-Y-F-pegmatites in south Norway: Implications for pegmatite melt origin. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2025). Pegmatites: Puzzling rocks of high economic importance. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2025). Pegmatites - the mineralogical treasure chests powering the Green Energy Revolution. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2025). Whatever you do, don’t run – field work impressions from Namibia. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2025). Mineraler i smarttelefon. Full text in Research Archive
• Thorpe, M. T.; Velbel, M. A.; Hauber, E.; Tait, K. T.; Thiessen, F. & Sefton-Nash, E. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). The Mars Sample Return Analogue Sample Library. doi: https:/www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2025/pdf/2109.pdf. Full text in Research Archive
• Pfaff, Gerhard; Hilgers, Christoph; Greiling, Reinhard O. & Müller, Axel (2025). Bericht zum 4. Rohstoffkolloquium der Leibniz-Sozietät: Das neue europäische Gesetz zu kritischen Rohstoffen – The Critical Raw Materials Act: Herausforderungen und Maßnahmen. GMIT Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. ISSN 1616-3931. 100(June), p. 111–111. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-9672. Full text in Research Archive
• Bojanowski, Axel & Müller, Axel (2025). «Im Mittelpunkt steht Titan“ – das wahre Potenzial eines Trump-Deals mit der Ukraine ("The focus is on titanium" - the true potential of Trump’s raw material deal with Ukraine). [Journal]. https://www.welt.de/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This week, Axel Muller, professor of mineralogy at the NHM, was interviewed by the German newspaper Die WELT regarding the real potential of Trump’s raw material deal with Ukraine. https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/plus255608358/Rohstoffe-Das-wahre-Potenzial-eines-Trump-Deals-mit-der-Ukraine.html In the interview, Axel emphasized that the primary interest of the USA in Ukraine's resources is titanium. Rare earth elements and lithium, which have recently been mentioned in the media in this context, are of only minor importance. Ukraine is one of the main producers of titanium in the world. Titanium is a lightweight and hard metal used in aerospace and military applications such as fighter jets, helicopters, naval ships, tanks, and long-range missiles, among others. During times of global military buildup, it is one of the most in-demand metals.

• Müller, Axel & Thorsen, B. (2024). EU-prosjektet GREENPEG: En milepæl for bærekraftig mineralleting. [Internet]. https://www.ngu.no/nyheter/. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Helleve, Torstein (2024). Ny metode brukar helikopter for å finne litium til batteri. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Løvø, Gudmund (2024). Nytt verktøysett i mineralleting. [Internet]. https://www.ngu.no/nyheter/nytt-verktoysett-i-mineralleting. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Fenstad, A. (2024). Professor tror det vil ta tiår før gruveprosjekt til milliarder blir drivverdig. [Internet]. Teknisk Ukeblad. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Consortium, GREENPEG (2024). GREENPEG-prosjektets verktøysett for å lete etter pegmatitter anriket i litium, superren kvarts og andre kritiske råstoffer. Geonytt. ISSN 0802-6173. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Greiling, Reinhard O. (2024). Geologie: Erfahrungen der letzten Jahrzehnte und mögliche zukünftige Themen. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Helleve, Torstein (2024). Driv litiumjakt frå himmelen. [Journal]. Teknisk Ukeblad. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Helleve, Torstein (2024). Litiumjakt frå himmelen. [Internet]. Titan.uio.no . Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). Advances from EU research and innovation: The GREENPEG toolset for pegmatite exploration, part 2: Geophysics and geochemistry. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). Advances from EU research and innovation: The GREENPEG toolset for pegmatite exploration, part 1: Methodology. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2024). Introduction to the GREENPEG exploration toolset. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Bunzula, Violeta (2024). Der Pegmatitbergbau in der Provinz Zambesia in Mosambik - Von den Edelsteinen der Kolonialzeit zu den Batteriemetallen der Zukunft. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). Introduction into the GREENPEG toolset and the GREENPEG test sites. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). The GREENPEG project toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting rare metals and high purity quartz to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). Advances from EU research and innovation: The GREENPEG toolset for exploration of critical raw materials in Europe to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). The GREENPEG project toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting rare metals and high purity quartz. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). The GREENPEG project – new technologies for rare metal pegmatite exploration ‘made in Europe’ to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Bunzula, Violeta (2024). The Lithium potential of the Alto Ligonha pegmatite province in Mozambique. Full text in Research Archive
• Thiessen, F.; Krzesinska, A.M.; Orgel, C.; Sefton-Nash, E.; Hutzler, A. & Werner, Stephanie C. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Mars sample return analogue sample library. Full text in Research Archive
• Garate-Olave, I.; Roda-Robles, Encarnacion; Errandonea-Martin, Jon & Müller, Axel (2024). Trace Element Variations in Quartz of Pegmatites from the Fregeneda–Almendra Field (Spain and Portugal). Full text in Research Archive
• Carvalho, A.M.; Ribeiro, R.; Lima, Alexandre; Moura, R.; Brauch, Klaus & Müller, Axel (2024). Strengthening Li-bearing pegmatite exploration through applied geophysics. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). The GREENPEG project toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting high purity quartz and rare metals. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). The GREENPEG project toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting lithium, high purity quartz, and other critical raw materials. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2024). Fra Goldschmidts Råstofflaboratorium til GREENPEG EU prosjekt: NHMs bidrag til råstoffforskning gjennom 100 år. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2024). Quartz deposits and their quality definition: Assessing the current state, challenges and future prospects. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2024). The GREENPEG project toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting lithium, high purity quartz, and other critical raw materials. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Olsen, M. (2023). Geologist digs into promise of huge Norwegian phosphate rock deposit. [Internet]. https://www.courthousenews.com/. Full text in Research Archive
• Spjelkavik, Skule Olaus Svendsen & Müller, Axel (2023). Krystallklart? Spor. ISSN 0801-5376. 1, p. 40–46. Full text in Research Archive
• Nazari-Dehkordi, Teimoor; Menuge, Julian; Carter, Lawrence; Williamson, Ben J & Müller, Axel (2023). Application of soil geochemistry for pegmatite exploration: Spodumene pegmatites in Ireland and Austria, and high-purity quartz-bearing NYF pegmatites in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2023). The GREENPEG project toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting rare metals and high purity quartz to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2023). GREENPEG: New toolsets to explore for pegmatites hosting rare metals and high purity quartz to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2023). GREENPEG: New Exploration Tools for European Pegmatite Green-Tech Resources. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2023). The GREENPEG toolset to explore for buried pegmatites hosting lithium. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel; Halls, Christopher & Williamson, Ben J (2023). Havfruens kulturhistorie. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2023). The GREENPEG Horizon2020 project: Exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Hurum, Jørn Harald; Hammer, Øyvind; Friis, Henrik; Müller, Axel; Engelschiøn, Victoria Sjøholt & Strøm, Marianne (2023). En kort veiledning for de nye utstillingene i Geologisk hus, Naturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo. Stein. ISSN 0802-9121. p. 3–13. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2023). Die gegenwärtige Lage der ukrainischen Metall- und Industriemineralproduktion und deren Folgen auf die europäische Rohstoffversorgung. Full text in Research Archive
• Vinnes, Heidi & Müller, Axel (2023). Studenter fra hele Europa skal lete etter dette i Tysfjord. [Internet]. Nordsalten Avis . Full text in Research Archive
• Vinnes, Heidi & Müller, Axel (2023). Studenter fra hele Europa på Drag. [Journal]. Nordsalten Avis. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2023). Die gegenwärtige Lage der ukrainischen Metall- und Industriemineralproduktion und deren Folgen auf die europäische Rohstoffversorgung. Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. ISSN 1811-8380. 92, p. 106–106. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2023). New exploration tools for mineralized pegmatites: The GREENPEG project and its impacts. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2022). Vorstellung, Arbeit und erste Resultate des H2020-GREENPEG-Rohstoffexplorationsprojektes. GMIT Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. ISSN 1616-3931. 88, p. 93–94. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2022). GREENPEG dialogue with the QuartzCorp at Drag, Northern Norway. [Internet]. https://www.greenpeg.eu/news.html. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2022). NHM’s Mineralogy Group NORMIN and the potential use of MiMaC facilities. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & Hurum, Jørn Harald (2022). Drammensgranitten og dens mineraliseringer. Stein. ISSN 0802-9121. 1-2022, p. 43–48. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2022). Vorstellung, Arbeit und erste Resultate des H2020 GREENPEG Rohstoffexplorationsprojektes. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2022). GREENPEG – Exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2022). GREENPEG - Exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel; Simmons, William B.; Beurlen, Hartmut; Thomas, Rainer; Ihlen, Peter Marcus & Wise, Michael [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). A new classification of granitic pegmatites Part I: History and the need for a new classification. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2022). GREENPEG - Exploration for Green Tech Raw Materials in Pegmatites to Feed the Energy Transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel & GREENPEG, Consortium (2022). GREENPEG – Exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel (2021). The GREENPEG Horizon2020 project: New exploration tools for European pegmatite green-tech resources. Full text in Research Archive
• Cruz, E. De La; Müller, Axel; Trumbull, R.; Erambert, M. & Andersen, Tom (2021). Tourmaline from Nb-Y-F-pegmatites in south Norway: implications for pegmatite melt origin and evolution. Full text in Research Archive
• Müller, Axel; Erik, Larsen; Banica, Ana & Gautneb, Håvard (2024). The chemistry of smartphones and other daily life items – the applied mineralogy exhibition at the Geological Survey of Norway. Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The report describes the contents and purposes of the applied mineralogy exhibition at the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) in Trondheim. The exhibition comprises 446 objects currently exhibited in the common room of the Mineral Resources Division of the Geological Survey. The exhibition is structured according to economic commodity classes: metal ores and minerals, industrial minerals, and energy minerals. The metal ores and minerals are subdivided into precious metals (Au and Ag), base metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni), and rare metals (Sn, W, Sc, Li, Cs, and Be). The exhibited industrial minerals include quartz, feldspars, graphite, olivine, kyanite, micas, apatite, diamond, garnet, calcite, dolomite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, sulphur, and Ti minerals (Ti minerals, such as ilmenite and rutile, are considered as industrial minerals even Ti is a metal). The energy minerals include U-Th minerals. In addition, crude oil and heavy water are exhibited together with the energy minerals. The purposes of the exhibition are, firstly, to display representative samples mainly from Norwegian but also from some international metal and industrial mineral deposits and, secondly, to illustrate how minerals are processed and in which products they are used. To demonstrate the value chain from mineral mining to final products, mineral concentrates and mineral products are displayed for some commodities. The target groups are visitors of the Geological Survey of Norway, such as politicians, researchers, school classes and public visitors. In addition, the report provides chemical analysis of daily-life items, such as smartphones, compact cameras, toothpaste, deodorants and eye shadows to illustrate their complex chemistry and the diversity of minerals required for their production. The discussed examples of daily life items and the establishment of the applied mineralogy collection at NGU aim to raise awareness about the complexity of sourcing mineral raw materials and the need of mining.

• Müller, Axel & Keyser, William Mark (2022). Identification of potential silicon-grade quartz deposits in central South America. Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Full text in Research Archive

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