Norwegian version of this page

Henrik Friis

Professor - Norsk Senter for Mineralogi (NORMIN)/Norwegian Center for Mineralogy (NORMIN)

Email henrik.friis@nhm.uio.no

Room 427

Username

Visiting address Geological Museum

Postal address Postboks 1172, Blindern 0318 Oslo

Press photo Download business card

Academic interests

My research focuses on different aspects of mineralogy. From how minerals are formed, over their internal structure to their physical properties, and how these can be used to design new materials. I am especially interested int he mineralogy of alkaline complexes due to their unique geochemistry and potential as REE resources. My fieldwork is primarily carried out on the alkaline complexes in South Greenland, Larvik area in Norway and North America.

Courses taught

GEL2110 - Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry

Background

2012 - Associate professor in mineralogy at NHM

2010-2012: Post Doc, University of British Columbia, Canada

2009-2010: Post Doc, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

2005-2009: PhD, University of St Andrews, Scotland

2004-2005: Consultant at the Technological Institute, Denmark

2000-2004: M.Sc. , University of Copenhagen, Denmark

1997-2000: B.Sc., University of Aarhus, Denmark

Appointments

In the organising committee of the annual Kongsberg Mineral Symposium

Associate Editor for Canadian Mineralogist

Membership

American Mineralogical Association

Mineralogical society of UK and Ireland

Society of Mineral Museum Professionals

Fluorescent Minerals Society

Tags: Crystallography, Geology, Rare Earth Elements (REE), Beryllium, Alkaline complexes, Descriptive mineralogy, Luminescence, Crystal-chemistry

Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik; Ojaste, Kelsie & Barnes, Stephanie (2026). Mckelveyite group minerals – Part 5: Bainbridgeite-(NdCe), Na2Ba2NdCe(CO3)6*3H2O, a new neodymium and cerium-dominant species from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 38(4), p. 419–429. doi: 10.5194/ejm-38-419-2026. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The new mckelveyite group mineral bainbridgeite-(NdCe), ideally Na2Ba2NdCe(CO3)6⚫3H2O, was found at Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. It occurs in two distinct environments: (1) in a “carbonate pegmatite” as pale-yellow or orange barrel-shaped short prismatic crystals up to 2 mm in size, where bainbridgeite-(NdCe) forms thin rims while the core is composed of bainbridgeite-(YCe), and (2) in a hornfels rock as white or pale-grey tabular saucer-shaped crystals up to 0.5 mm in size. It has a white streak, a vitreous lustre, and no cleavage. Dcalc is 3.49 g cm−3. Bainbridgeite-(NdCe) is optically biaxial (+), α=1.577(3), β=1.592(3), γ=1.657(3), 2V (meas.) = 40(3)°, and 2V (calc.) = 52° (589 nm). The IR spectrum is reported. The composition (wt. %, average of seven analyses) is Na2O 6.85, CaO 1.16, SrO 4.83, BaO 24.02, Y2O3 1.84, La2O3 6.07, Ce2O3 8.82, Pr2O3 0.76, Nd2O3 6.24, Sm2O3 3.34, Eu2O3 0.46, Gd2O3 2.74, Tb2O3 0.21, Dy2O3 0.53, ThO2 0.24, CO2 27.33, H2O 5.73, total 101.17. The empirical formula of the holotype from the “carbonate pegmatite” calculated on the basis of six cations is as follows: Na2.09Ca0.19Sr0.44Ba1.48Y0.15La0.35Ce0.51Pr0.04Nd0.35Sm0.18Eu0.03Gd0.14Tb0.01Dy0.03Th0.01(CO3)5.86(H2O)3.00. The mineral is triclinic, P1, a=9.0525(3) Å, b=9.1178(2) Å, c=6.85180(19) Å, α=102.575(3)°, β=116.272(4)°, γ=59.788(4)° and V=438.23(3) Å3, and Z=1. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å(I)(hkl)] are as follows: 6.17(50)(001, 1‾1‾1, 1‾01), 4.407(100)(11‾0, 2‾1‾1, 120), 4.077(30)(1‾2‾1, 1‾11, 210), 3.241(32)(11‾1, 2‾1‾2, 121), 2.870(88)(1‾2‾2, 1‾12, 211), 2.621(39)(3‾01, 030, 3‾3‾1), 2.253(22)(2‾21, 2‾4‾1, 4‾2‾1), and 1.9978(25)(03‾2, 3‾3‾3, 3‾03, 301, 032, 331). The crystal structure, solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1=0.036), is of the weloganite type. Bainbridgeite-(NdCe) is the first known mineral with Ce and Nd atoms preferentially concentrated at two different sites of the structure.
Jia, Yu; Jeremiassen, Ninni; Larsen, Morten Birch; Olsen, Maia; Maurice, Christian & Hansen, Violeta [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Evaluating the Efficacy of Shrimp Shells and Demolished Concrete in Reducing Mine Drainage in South Greenland: Column Leaching Test Results. Mine Water and the Environment. ISSN 1025-9112. 45, p. 33–51. doi: 10.1007/s10230-026-01110-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Immobilization of Pb and Zn leached from waste rock (WR) using shrimp shells, waste concrete, and sea water was investigated in continuous flow column leaching tests. To evaluate dynamic long-term leaching behaviors, leachate was collected at different liquid/solid (L/S) ratios up to 10 L/kg (≈ 12 weeks). The results showed that the leached content of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and As from the WR control treatments generally decreased over the experimental period. The shrimp shell treatment further decreased the release of Pb (0.4–0.5%), Zn (19%), Cu (140–150%), and Cd (20–24%), possibly caused by a change in pH. In contrast, the concrete treatment increased the release of Pb (110–150%) and Zn (200–250%) in the leachate, while the leaching of Cu and Cd remained basically unaffected, reflecting a weaker pH effect than that of the shrimp shell treatment. Multi-variate data analysis further confirmed the experimental data and suggested that the release of arsenic, and to some extent also Cu, originated from the shrimp shells. The mechanisms behind the immobilization of these elements are likely biological sulfate reduction caused by the shrimp shell amendment raising the pH, which increased the precipitation of secondary minerals. The results suggest that these amendments carry the potential for bringing new elements into the system and any future remediation plans for these mine sites should be tailored with that in mind. The results suggest that this mitigation could be effective and should be further investigated.
Jeremiassen, Ninni E. O.; Jia, Yu; Hansen, Violeta; Friis, Henrik; Larsen, Morten Birch & Olsen, Maia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Temperature effect on seawater leaching of Pb, Zn, and F from waste rock at Ivittuut cryolite mine in South Greenland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. ISSN 0944-1344. 33(11), p. 4851–4863. doi: 10.1007/s11356-026-37562-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Pollution from mining waste poses environmental risks and can adversely impact nearby communities. Understanding the weathering processes of mining waste and pollutant release is crucial for effective environmental remediation. At Ivittuut, South Greenland, cryolite was mined for 130 years. Waste rock (WR) from the mine was disposed of along the coastline of Arsuk Fjord. The WR contains sulfides such as pyrite (FeS 2 ), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), with minor arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and molybdenite (MoS 2 ). Heavy metals, mainly Pb and Zn, leach from WR into the fjord. Monitoring over 40 years estimates the annual release of dissolved Pb into Arsuk Fjord to be 400–1000 kg. We performed a 40-week leaching experiment, using WR from Ivittuut and seawater in a Humidity Cell Test (HCT). The experiment was conducted at room temperature and 2 °C. Results show that at room temperature the concentration of Pb and Zn leached from the WR is tenfold higher than at 2 °C. Pb and Zn concentrations in leachates exceeded Greenland Water Quality Criteria (GWQC) by a factor of 20. Fluorine (F) concentrations were 10–15 times higher than GWQC. Compared to room temperature, 2 °C delayed and reduced leaching rates of Pb, Zn, and F indicate that contaminant leaching from WR in Ivittuut is slower under colder conditions, implying that Arctic climatic conditions slow down the metal mobilization, reducing Pb and Zn release at Ivittuut during winter months.
Szreter, Anna Aleksandra; Finch, Adrian A.; Friis, Henrik; Trautmann, Christina; Koch, Frieder & Schubert, Ina (2026). Swift heavy ion and UV irradiation of natural cryolite (Na3AlF6). Radiation Measurements. ISSN 1350-4487. 192, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2026.107606. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The successful application of fluorides in dosimetry and optics has encouraged study of the optical properties of doped cryolite and cryolite-structure materials. However, natural cryolite (Na3AlF6) has never been described in terms of its defect structure, crucial for optical applications. To address this knowledge gap, we irradiate cryolite with 238U ions and use excitation lifetime photoluminescence to constrain the defect structures formed. Untreated, high-energy ion and UV-irradiated samples are compared in terms of their emission spectra and luminescence lifetimes. Particle irradiation introduces an orange colour to originally black, purple and white cryolite. Untreated cryolite shows blue emissions at ∼2.86 and ∼2.60 eV (435 and 475 nm) and a green emission at 2.27 eV (545 nm). After uranium ion irradiation, the green luminescence intensity is enhanced compared to blue emissions. Subsequent ultraviolet irradiation causes ∼57 % reduction in the dark blue emission intensity and 40–70 % increase in green. All luminescence lifetimes are prolonged by particle irradiation, but stay in the nanosecond range. We infer that a vacancy-related defect is produced by particle and UV irradiation and responsible for the green luminescence. Another defect, presumably electronic, is removed by particle irradiation and UV. The ∼2.27 eV green luminescence centre is interpreted as an F-centre localised on a fluorine vacancy. The blue luminescence centres are interpreted as electron-hole pairs, localised at the AlF6 octahedron normal lattice sites for ∼2.86 eV and octahedral defect sites for ∼2.60 eV. The experiment provides insight into natural defect formation processes in cryolite from the Ivittuut deposit in Southern Greenland.
Borges, Patrícia Caixeta; Müller, Axel Bernd; Friis, Henrik; Erambert, Muriel Marie Laure; Huyskens, Magdalena H. & Slama, Jiri (2025). SPODUMENE FORMATION BY STRONG IN SITU FRACTIONATION OF A LITHIUM PEGMATITE IN THE NORWEGIAN CALEDONIDES. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology. 63(6), p. 781–807. doi: 10.3749/2500009. Full text in Research Archive
Borges, Patrícia Caixeta; Müller, Axel; Friis, Henrik; Erambert, Muriel; Huyskens, Magdalena H. & Sláma, Jiří (2025). Spodumene Formation by Strong In Situ Fractionation of a Lithium Pegmatite in the Norwegian Caledonides. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology. 63(6), p. 807–807. doi: 10.3749/2500009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract The Scandinavian Caledonides are generally considered an orogenic region with low lithium (Li) abundance, thus explaining the general absence of spodumene-mineralized pegmatites. However, in the Meløy-Glomfjord area of northern Norway several Caledonian Li-enriched pegmatites have been identified. The most evolved among these is the Ågskardet pegmatite, to date the only known spodumene-bearing pegmatite in the Scandinavian Caledonides. The Ågskardet pegmatite was emplaced in the metasediments of the Caledonian Rödingsfjället Nappe Complex, immediately above the Caledonian basal thrust, under high-grade amphibolite-facies conditions. The pegmatite exhibits complex mineralogical-chemical zoning, which is mapped as a wall zone at the contact with the host rocks, followed by intermediate and core zones. Spodumene crystals, ranging from 2 to 8 cm in size, are rare and restricted to randomly distributed quartz-rich domains within the core zone. Fine-grained albite zones containing abundant colored tourmaline occur discordantly across the intermediate and core zones. We aim to understand the pegmatite-internal fractionation that caused Li enrichment in micas, tourmaline, and quartz and formation of spodumene. Major and trace elements in micas, feldspar, tourmaline, and quartz from the different zones of the pegmatite analyzed by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS reveal a strong chemical zoning of the pegmatite body. However, the original albite zone melt was likely much richer in Li, as evidenced by the high Li content in mica, which can reach up to 2 wt.% Li. Despite this, spodumene formation did not take place during the final stage of pegmatite development. It is suggested that the crystallization of spodumene was suppressed due to the significant Li consumption by mica and tourmaline, whose crystallization was favored by elevated levels of H2O, F, and B in the albite melt. Bulk rock analyses of pegmatite zones and wall rocks indicate that the local Li enrichment of metasediments facilitated the formation of spodumene-bearing pegmatites in the otherwise Li-poor Scandinavian Caledonides.
Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Lu, Yang; Vistad, Ørnulv Bjørnsson; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Missyul, Alexander & Austrheim, Håkon Olaf [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). The crystal structure of dypingite: understanding the long-range disorder. Journal of Applied Crystallography. ISSN 0021-8898. 58(6), p. 1908–1919. doi: 10.1107/S1600576725007915. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Dypingite, a hydrated magnesium carbonate hydroxide mineral [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·XH2O, X = 5–6], exhibits promising catalytic and purification properties. Although it was discovered 55 years ago, the crystal structure of this compound has remained unknown due to its aggregated morphology and structural disorder. This work investigates the origin of this phenomenon through a systematic analysis of synthetic and natural mineral samples, using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The findings reveal that ambient humidity significantly influences dypingite's structural properties at room temperature. High humidity (80% relative humidity at 22 °C) causes inhomogeneous expansion of the unit cell along the crystallographic c axis, leading to long-range structural disorder. Conversely, at 20% relative humidity at 22 °C, the mineral structure exhibits a shorter c lattice constant and reduced structural disorder. Chemical analysis reveals that samples kept at 80% and 20% relative humidity for 10 days differ by one molecule of water of hydration, yielding Mg5(CO3)4.5(2)(OH)0.96(3)·6.0(2)H2O and Mg5(CO3)4.5(2)(OH)1.02(4)·5.0(2)H2O, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate that the crystal structure of dehydrated dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4.5(2)(OH)1.02(4)·5.0(2)H2O] derives from hydromagnesite's unit cell tripled along the a axis. The analysis of the mineral crystal structure provides insight into the role of humidity on the structural properties of dypingite, including unit-cell dimensions and long-range disorder.
Lu, Yang; Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Guzik, Matylda N.; Dayaghi, Amir Masoud & Dunkel, Kristina G [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Dypingite as a hydration series with reversible change of H2O content. American Mineralogist. ISSN 0003-004X. 111(5), p. 746–757. doi: 10.2138/am-2024-9603. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Dypingite has recently been found to have promising applications in material and environmental sciences. However, its exploitation is limited due to its ambiguous identification via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), which is caused by the occurrence of several phases with similar structures and PXRD patterns to that of dypingite. Multiple dypingite-like phases with partially overlapping X-ray diffraction traces appear to exist. To better understand dypingite, we studied samples from Dypingdal and Feragen Ultramafic Body, Norway. Dypingite sensu stricto (s.s.), several dypingite-like phases, and hydromagnesite were identified by PXRD. Three regions of 2θ (CuKα) were recognized where diffraction peaks are readily observed to transition between dypingite s.s., dypingite-like phases, and hydromagnesite. The position of the peak at around 8.5° 2θ varies with the H2O contents measured by the thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared analyses, suggesting that structural and compositional characteristics of dypingite-like phases form a continuum between dypingite s.s. and hydromagnesite. Humidity incubation experiments at room temperature indicated a reversible change of H2O content between dypingite s.s. and dypingite-like phases. High humidity conditions increased H2O contents of dypingite-like phases to dypingite s.s., whereas low humidity conditions reversed the direction towards hydromagnesite, but without complete reaction. Such transition behavior suggests that the structures of dypingite s.s. and the dypingite-like phases are very similar, probably identical in building unit topology but with different degrees of hydration, whereas the structure of hydromagnesite is less closely related. This study draws attention to the sample processing on dypingite hydration series, contributes to the applications of this series in CO2 sequestration, and gives suggestions to the refinement of structures of dypingite and dypingite-like phases.
Skřápková, Lenka; Cempírek, Jan; Škoda, Radek; Filip, Jan; Friis, Henrik & Bosi, Ferdinando (2025). First crystal structure description of allanite-(Y) from the type locality Åskagen, Värmland, Sweden: EPMA, Mössbauer, Raman and SC-XRD data. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 89, p. 172–182. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2025.20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Allanite-(Y), ideally CaY(Al2Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), is a valid species with the type locality in the Åskagen pegmatite, Värmland, Sweden. The mineral occurs as an accessory phase in the blocky zone of the NYF granitic pegmatite near Åskagen, Värmland, Sweden. It forms rims together with iimoriite-(Y), gadolinite-(Y) and allanite-(Nd) around altered crystals of thalénite-(Y). Allanite-(Y) replaced primary thalénite-(Y) during an episode of early post-magmatic hydrothermal activity. Allanite-(Y) forms euhedral crystals with size up to 1 mm, black with a vitreous lustre, conchoidal fracture and greyish brown streak. It has a Mohs hardness of ca. 6, the calculated density of 3.945 g.cm–3 and is biaxial (−) with α = 1.760(3), β = 1.799(2) and γ = 1.784(3) in 589 nm light; pleochroism is weak pale yellowish brown in all directions. Allanite-(Y) has monoclinic symmetry, with the space group P21/m, a = 8.8520(8) Å, b = 5.6959(5) Å, c = 10.0543(9) Å, β = 115.510(2)°, V = 457.52(7) Å3 and Z = 2. Crystal-chemical analysis resulted in the empirical formula: A1(Ca0.900Mn0.090Na0.010)Σ1.000A2(Y0.323Ca0.260Nd0.118Sm0.087Gd0.098Dy0.044Ce0.034Pr0.014Tb0.012Er0.005La0.003Ho0.002Yb0.001)Σ1.001M1(Al0.921Fe2+0.070Ti0.003)Σ0.994M2(Al1.000)M3(Fe2+0.638Fe3+0.262Al0.072Mg0.028)Σ1.000T1(Si1.000)T2(Si1.000)T3(Si1.003)O12.000(OH)1.000. Allanite-(Y) belongs to the allanite group of the epidote supergroup. The closest end-member compositions of valid allanite group species are allanite-(Ce), allanite-(La) and allanite-(Nd) related via the simple exchange mechanism Y ↔ Ln. The allanite-(Y) origin during metasomatic replacement of the thalénite-(Y) was mainly affected by local system composition and structural constraints rather than Ln+Y fluoride complexation in hydrothermal solution.
Skursch, Ole; Karup-Møller, Sven; Friis, Henrik; Andersen, Tom & Bo, Fabrice Dal (2025). Compositional variations in the rinkite-(Ce)–nacareniobsite-(Ce) solid solution provide evidence for fractionation processes in highly peralkaline magmas (Ilímaussaq complex, South Greenland). The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology. 63, p. 151–177. doi: 10.3749/2400028. Full text in Research Archive
Bruyn-Ouboter, Vera Milena de; Kutzke, Hartmut; Sait, Shannen Thora Lea; Friis, Henrik; Krzywiecki, Maciej & Erbe, Andreas (2025). Corrosion of Steel Strings on Historical Musical Instruments Triggered by the Emissions of Degrading Cellulose Nitrate. ChemPlusChem. 90(7). doi: 10.1002/cplu.202500099. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Corrosion is a challenge for the conservation of musical instruments when metal parts are exposed to organic materials of the instrument's body. In long-term observations in the Norwegian Museum of Music, Ringve and Rockheim (Museums of Southern Trøndelag), local contact corrosion is documented on metal strings of plucked instruments when mounted close to cellulose nitrate (CN). The investigated strings are iron-based alloys, in some cases covered with a tin coating. In the gas mixture emitted from CN, the presence of corrosive compounds, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carboxylic acids, is confirmed by an electrochemical NO2-sensor and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The corrosion product on the strings consists of iron oxide nitrate hydroxide hydrate, Fe2(NO3)O(OH)3(H2O), and goethite, α-FeOOH, detected with X-ray diffraction, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, used to investigate the surface of tin-coated corrosion products, showed the presence of adsorbed organic nitrogen. The formation of corrosion products is dominated by organic acids and moisture. The presence of nitrate in the corrosion product proves the involvement of nitrogen oxides in the corrosion mechanism. This analytical study highlights a dilemma for preserving material combinations in musical instruments and provides a basis for further research in conservation practice.
Bahers, Tangui Le; Lastusaari, Mika; Weller, Mark T.; Friis, Henrik & Goethem, Ludo van (2025). Photochromic Sodalites: From Natural Minerals to Advanced Applied Materials. Accounts of Chemical Research. ISSN 0001-4842. 58(3), p. 330–341. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00624. Full text in Research Archive
Gulbransen, Emil Holtung; Andersen, Tom; Friis, Henrik & Xuan, Liu (2025). Lead isotope systematics of galena from pegmatites in the Larvik Plutonic Complex (LPC). Lithos. ISSN 0024-4937. 508-509. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2025.108079. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The Larvik Plutonic Complex (LPC) is situated in the southernmost parts of the Carboniferous-Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. The alkaline complex is host to several suites of pegmatites ranging from miaskitic to agpaitic, and much is unknown of the origin and source of these pegmatites. Compared to granitic pegmatites, alkaline pegmatites are commonly intraplutonic and cogenetic to the host rock. This makes alkaline pegmatites such as the ones in the LPC important indicators of the evolution of the alkaline complexes as a whole, and towards our understanding of their formation and source. This study aims to utilize Pb-Pb isotope geochemistry on galena crystals from selected pegmatites in the LPC, to investigate possible sources to the pluton. The LPC pegmatite data was modelled using a 295 Ma paleoisochron, which represents the lead isotope composition at the time of formation. The 295 Ma paleoisochron is significantly more radiogenic than the upper mantle, indicating a need of another component to the source. This have been investigated by extrapolating the 295 Ma paleoisochron to the intercept point of the global average juvenile lithosphere, which gave an initial lead composition of 206Pb/204Pb = 16.819, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.482 and 208Pb/204Pb = 36.490. The intersection is at ∼1140 Ma which correlates well with the duration of the Sveconorwegian orogeny that occurred between ∼1290–1000 Ma and gives μ2min of 13.880 and μ2max of 14.658 which shows that these values are realistic in terms of what can be expected growth of a LILE-enriched, crustal domain in such a system. Galena from hydrothermal ore at Konnerud has similar lead isotope compositions as in the LPC pegmatites, suggesting an almost purely magmatic source, whereas galena in the Kongsberg silver deposit is more radiogenic, suggesting contamination by Cambrian-Ordovician alum shale.
Piilonen, Paula C.; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik; Robak, Chris & Bainbridge, Michael (2024). The first (and second) known occurrences of bazzite in Canada – the Quadeville Rose Quartz quarry, Ontario, and the Bugaboo Castles aquamarine deposit, British Columbia – description and crystal structure. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology. 62(3), p. 457–478. doi: 10.3749/2300035. Full text in Research Archive
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik & Helwig, Kate (2024). Mckelveyite group minerals - Part 4: Alicewilsonite-(YLa), Na<inf>2</inf>Sr<inf>2</inf>YLa(CO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>6</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O, a new lanthanum-dominant species from the Paratoo mine, Australia. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 36(2), p. 301–310. doi: 10.5194/ejm-36-301-2024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract. The new mckelveyite group mineral, alicewilsonite-(YLa), Na2Sr2YLa(CO3)6 ⋅ 3H2O, was found together with kamphaugite-(Y), paratooite-(Y), bastnäsite-(La), and decrespignyite-(Y) coating along fractures in dolomite at the Paratoo copper mine, South Australia, Australia. It occurs as pale pink to colourless pseudohexagonal tabular crystals up to 150 µm in size. The streak is white; the lustre is vitreous. The mineral has no cleavage. Dcalc is 3.37 g cm−3. Alicewilsonite-(YLa) is optically biaxial (−), α = 1.556(2), β= 1.582(2), γ= 1.592(2), 2V (meas.) = 60(2)°, 2V (calc.) = 63° (589 nm). The IR spectrum is reported. The composition (wt %, average of seven analyses) is Na2O 7.43, CaO 2.00, SrO 18.43, BaO 1.64, Y2O3 9.59, La2O3 11.74, Pr2O3 1.29, Nd2O3 5.74, Sm2O3 0.44, Eu2O3 0.09, Gd2O3 0.95, Dy2O3 1.15, Ho2O3 0.25, Er2O3 0.89, Yb2O3 0.29, CO2 29.78, H2O 6.18, total 97.88. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of six cations with 3 H2O molecules is as follows: Na2.10Ca0.31Sr1.56Ba0.10Y0.74La0.63Pr0.07 Nd0.30Sm0.03Eu0.01Gd0.04Dy0.05Ho0.01Er0.04 Yb0.01(CO3)5.92(H2O)3. The mineral is triclinic, P1, a= 8.9839(2), b= 8.9728(3), c= 6.7441(2) Å, α= 102.812(2)°, β= 116.424(2)°, γ= 60.128(2)°, and V= 422.17(2) Å3 and Z= 1. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are 6.03(43)(001), 4.355(100)(11‾0, 2‾1‾1, 120), 4.020(30)(1‾11, 210, 1‾2‾1), 3.188(29)(2‾1‾2, 11‾1, 121), 2.819(96)(002, 1‾12, 211, 1‾2‾2), 2.592(40)(3‾01, 030, 3‾3‾1), 2.228(33)(2‾21, 4‾2‾1, 2‾4‾1). 2.011(36)(2‾22, 003, 420, 2‾4‾2), 1.9671(32)(3‾03, 301, 03‾2, 032, 3‾3‾3, 331). The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1= 0.058).
Bo, Fabrice Dal; Friis, Henrik; Elburg, Marlina A.; Hatert, Frédéric & Andersen, Tom (2024). Pilanesbergite: a new rock-forming mineral occurring in nepheline syenite from the Pilanesberg Alkaline Complex, South Africa. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 36(1), p. 73–85. doi: 10.5194/ejm-36-73-2024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract. The new mineral pilanesbergite, with the ideal formula Na2Ca2Fe2Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2, was found in a nepheline syenite, locally known as green foyaite, from the Pilanesberg Complex located in the North West Province of South Africa. Pilanesbergite occurs in green foyaite in association, and partly intergrown, with aegirine. The two minerals share an assemblage of inclusions, comprising euhedral nepheline, titanite and minor sodalite. Pilanesbergite belongs to the wöhlerite group and is isomorphic with låvenite, normandite and madeiraite. It is related to these species through the homovalent chemical substitutions Mn2+↔Fe2+ and Zr4+↔Ti4+. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 18 anions is Na2.00(Ca1.74Na0.26)Σ2.00(Fe1.00Mn0.52Ca0.49Zr0.05)Σ2.06(Ti1.69Zr0.14Mg0.09Nb0.08)Σ2.00(Si2O7)2.00O1.84F2.16 (Z=2). The new mineral is translucent with a brown orange colour and a brownish streak. The Mohs hardness is estimated between 5 and 6 by comparison with låvenite, and no cleavage is observed. Measured and calculated densities are Dmeas=3.47 g cm−3 and Dcalc=3.40 g cm−3. In the thin section the pleochroism is strong, between straw yellow and orange red, while in immersion the strong pleochroism is observed between light yellow (α) and yellowish orange (γ). The crystals are optically biaxial (+) with α=1.743(3), β=1.768(3), γ=1.795(5) and a 2 V angle close to 90∘. The crystal structure is monoclinic (P21/a), with the unit-cell parameters a=10.7811(2), b=9.7836(1), c=7.0348(1) Å, β=108.072(2)∘ and V=705.41(2) Å3, and has been refined to R1=2.06 %. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å (I, %) (h k l)] are 3.219 (60) (310), 2.851 (100) (12-2), 2.802 (51) (320), 2.743 (27) (22-2), 2.423 (19) (40-2) and 1.723 (19) (44-2). Pilanesbergite formed under relatively reducing conditions from an agpaitic nepheline syenite magma that had evolved by fractional crystallization mainly of aegirine. Further crystallization of arfvedsonite caused an increase in oxygen fugacity and a change towards higher Mn/Mn+Fe of the magma, causing a change of mineral composition from pilanesbergite towards normandite.
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik & Helwig, Kate (2024). Mckelveyite group minerals - Part 3: Bainbridgeite-(YCe), Na2Ba2YCe(CO3)6-3H2O, a new species from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 36(1), p. 183–194. doi: 10.5194/ejm-36-183-2024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract. The new mckelveyite group mineral bainbridgeite-(YCe), ideally Na2Ba2YCe(CO3)6 ⋅ 3H2O, was found at Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Bainbridgeite-(YCe) occurs as pseudotrigonal and pseudohexagonal hemimorphic crystals that show platy, columnar, tabular, cone-shaped, barrel-shaped, saucer-shaped, or spindle-shaped habit. They often form stacked or parallel growth aggregates, rosettes, and groups of radiating crystals. The crystals are usually less than 1 mm in size. Bainbridgeite-(YCe) varies in colour from pale yellow to yellow, grey to almost black, bluish grey, green-grey, or white. The streak is white; the lustre is vitreous. The mineral has no cleavage. The Mohs hardness is 3. Dcalc is 3.49 g cm−3. Bainbridgeite-(YCe) is optically biaxial (+), α= 1.572(2), β= 1.586(2), γ= 1.628(2), 2 V (calc.) = 62∘, 2 V (meas.) = 45(4)∘(589 nm). The IR spectrum is reported. The composition (wt %, average of five analyses) is Na2O 6.86, CaO 0.59, SrO 4.01, BaO 25.71, Y2O3 8.24, La2O3 4.96, Ce2O3 8.38, Pr2O3 0.48, Nd2O3 1.87, Sm2O3 0.23, Gd2O3 0.67, Tb2O3 0.07, Dy2O3 1.38, Ho2O3 0.32, Er2O3 0.94, Tm2O3 0.08, Yb2O3 0.49, CO2 27.03, H2O 5.67, total 97.98. The empirical formula of the holotype calculated on the basis of six cations is as follows: Na2.11Ca0.10Sr0.37Ba1.60Y0.70La0.29Ce0.49Pr0.03Nd0.11Sm0.01Gd0.03Dy0.07Ho0.02Er0.05 Yb0.02(CO3)5.86(H2O)3.00. The mineral is triclinic, P1, a= 9.1079(2) Å, b= 9.1066(3) Å, c= 6.9332(2) Å, α= 102.861(2)∘, β= 116.148(2)∘, γ= 60.181(2)∘, V= 447.85(2) Å3, and Z= 1. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are 6.22(42)(001, 1‾1‾1, 1‾01), 4.430(100)(01‾1, 2‾1‾1, 120), 4.094(37)(1‾2‾1, 1‾11, 210, 111), 3.263(26)(11‾1, 2‾1‾2, 121), 2.888(67)(1‾2‾2, 1‾12, 211), 2.633(38)(3‾01, 030, 3‾3‾1), 2.263(23)(2‾21, 2‾4‾1, 4‾2‾1). 2.010(20)(03‾2, 3‾3‾3, 3‾03, 301, 032, 331). The crystal structure, solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1= 0.040), is of the weloganite type.
Holtstam, Dan; Langhof, Jörgen; Friis, Henrik; Karlsson, Andreas & Erambert, Muriel (2024). Igelströmite, Fe3+(Sb3+Pb2+)O4, and manganoschafarzikite, Mn2+Sb23+O4, two new members of the newly established minium group, from the Långban Mn-Fe deposit, Värmland, Sweden. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 36(2), p. 311–322. doi: 10.5194/ejm-36-311-2024. Full text in Research Archive
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik & Barnes, Stephanie (2024). Natromelansonite, Na3Zr[Si7AlO19]∙4-5H2O, a new member of the rhodesite mero-plesiotype series from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 88(2), p. 195–202. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2024.1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Natromelansonite, Na3Zr[Si7AlO19]⋅4–5H2O, was found at the Poudrette (Demix) quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada in a highly altered pegmatite together with a clay mineral, steacyite, polylithionite and rhodochrosite. It occurs as an outer zone of tabular crystals to 0.1 × 0.3 × 1 mm in size flattened on (001). The inner zone is made of melansonite. The mineral is grey with white powder colour and vitreous lustre. The cleavage is parallel to {010}, perfect. The Mohs hardness is 3.5. The mineral has green fluorescence under short-wave ultraviolet light. The Dcalc is 2.31 g/cm3. The infrared spectrum is reported. The composition (wt.%, average of 8 analyses) is Na2O 10.08, K2O 1.72, CaO 0.24, BaO 0.32, MnO 0.10, Al2O3 6.86, Y2O3 0.35, Yb2O3 0.55, SiO2 56.23, ZrO2 14.78, H2O 9.52, total 100.75. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of O = 23 apfu and H = 8 apfu is Na(□Na0.38Ca0.02Mn0.01)2(Na0.70K0.28Ba0.02)Σ1.00(Zr0.91Y0.02Yb0.02)Σ0.95(Si7.08Al1.02)Σ8.10O19⋅4H2O. The mineral is monoclinic, P21/m, a = 6.5156(3) Å, b = 24.061(1) Å, c = 6.9759(6) Å, β = 90.453(5)° and V = 1093.61(9) Å3 and Z = 2. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 12.02(100)(020), 6.97(89)(001), 6.51(39)(100), 3.416(37)(160), 3.062(42)(61, 102, 161 and 12), 3.018(38)(230 and 042), 2.864(40)(240 and 132). The crystal structure, solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1 = 0.042), is based on a double sheet of tetrahedra (T) and a sheet of octahedra (O) that alternate along the [010] direction forming a TOT structure typical for members of the rhodesite mero-plesiotype series.
Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Finch, Adrian A. & Friis, Henrik (2023). Lanthanide and yttrium substitution in natural fluorite. Physics and chemistry of minerals. ISSN 0342-1791. 50(2). doi: 10.1007/s00269-023-01239-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract Fluorite is one of the most common minerals in the crust and is of widespread economic importance. It shows strong UV-excited luminescence, variously attributed to defects within the fluorite structure and lanthanide substitutions. We present here a detailed chemical characterisation of a suite of natural fluorite samples, chosen to represent the range of compositions observed in nature. We perform X-ray excited luminescence spectroscopy on the samples as a function of temperature (20–673 K) in the wavelength range 250–800 nm to provide insights into physical defects in the lattice and their interactions with lanthanide substituents in natural fluorite. Most broad bands in the UV are attributed to electronic defects in the fluorite lattice, whereas sharp emissions are attributed to intra-ion energy cascades in trivalent lanthanides. Lanthanides are accommodated in fluorite by substitution for Ca 2+ coupled with interstitial F − , O 2− (substituting for F − ) and a variety of electronic defect structures which provide local charge balance. The chondrite-normalised lanthanide profiles show that fluorite accommodates a greater proportion of heavy lanthanides (and Y) as the total Rare Earth Element (REE) concentration increases; whereas cell parameters decrease and then increase as substitution continues. Luminescence intensity also goes through a maximum and then decreases as a function of REE concentration. All three datasets are consistent with a model whereby lanthanides initially act as isolated centres, but, beyond a critical threshold (~ 1000 ppm), cluster into lanthanide-rich domains. Clustering results in shorter REE-O bond distances (favouring smaller heavier ions), a larger unit cell but more efficient energy transfer between lanthanides, thereby promoting non-radiative energy loss and a drop in the intensity of lanthanide emission.
Rosing-Schow, Nanna; Romer, Rolf L.; Müller, Axel; Corfu, Fernando; Skoda, R. & Friis, Henrik (2023). Geochronological constraints for a two-stage history of the Sveconorwegian rare-element pegmatite province formation. Precambrian Research. ISSN 0301-9268. 384. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106944. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Most pegmatites of southern Norway seem to be derived from anatectic melting of metamorphic rocks during the Sveconorwegian orogeny rather than to be highly evolved residual melts derived from granites. We test this hypothesis by providing new age data for thirteen pegmatites and one granite. Based on these new age data, we distinguish two age groups of Sveconorwegian pegmatites (>1,000 m3 in size); Group 1: 1100–1030 Ma and Group 2: 930–890 Ma. All pegmatites except those from the Østfold area crystallized significantly earlier or later than adjacent granites. The Tørdal granite, yielding an age of 946 ± 4 Ma, is about 40 Ma older than the adjacent pegmatites. Field evidence and the age difference between pegmatites and granites supports an anatectic origin for these pegmatites. Sources of these pegmatite melts are biotite- and biotite-amphibole gneisses and amphibolites. Group 1 pegmatites formed in transpressional regimes after peak metamorphism, whereas Group 2 pegmatites formed in an extensional regime and the required heat for partial melting was provided by mafic magma underplating. Differences in the rheological behavior of amphibolite and granitic gneiss during extensional tectonics are the major reason why Group 2 pegmatites occur preferentially in large amphibolite bodies. Under mid-crustal conditions, amphibolite reacts brittle to semi-brittle forming open structures in an extensional tectonic regime where partial melts drained into. Granitic gneisses react in a ductile manner and do not have the ability to drain partial melt. Pegmatite formation in the Grenville Province, i.e., the Laurentian part of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian orogenic belt, formed between ca. 1090 and 980 Ma peaking at 1010 to 980 Ma. Thus, the Grenville peak postdates the Sveconorwegian Group 1 peak by about 30 Ma. These pegmatites formed in similar orogenic settings, implying that similar tectono-metamorphic developments along the Grenville–Sveconorwegian orogenic belt were diachronous. We conclude that local anatexis is the major pegmatite-melt forming process in the Sveconorwegian as well as Grenville orogen. Local anatexis also may be important in other pegmatite provinces.
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik & Helwig, Kate (2023). Mckelveyite group minerals – Part 2: Alicewilsonite-(YCe), Na2Sr2YCe(CO3)6 ⋅ 3H2O, a new species. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 35(1), p. 143–155. doi: 10.5194/ejm-35-143-2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract. The new mckelveyite group mineral alicewilsonite-(YCe), ideally Na2Sr2YCe(CO3)6 ⋅ 3H2O, was found at Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada, and subsequently at the Saint-Amable sill, Quebec, Canada, and the Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Alicewilsonite-(YCe) crystals are commonly hemimorphic pseudotrigonal and pseudohexagonal and show barrel-shaped, saucer-shaped, spindle-shaped, cone-shaped, columnar, tabular, and platy habits. They are usually up to 2–3 mm in size with some larger crystals reaching 2–3 cm. The crystals often form stacked or parallel growth aggregates and rosettes. Alicewilsonite-(YCe) colour varies from pale yellow to yellow, lemon yellow, green yellow, orange-yellow, pale green to green, pale grey to grey, green grey, beige, and colourless. The streak is white; the lustre is vitreous. The cleavage is fair to indistinct, parallel to (001). The Mohs hardness is 3. Dcalc is 3.37 g cm−3. Alicewilsonite-(YCe) is optically biaxial (+), with α=1.554(3), β=1.558(3), γ=1.644(2), 2V (calc.) = 26∘, 2V (meas.) = 20(3)∘ (589 nm). The IR spectrum is reported. The composition (wt %, average of six analyses) is Na2O 7.42, CaO 0.72, SrO 21.49, BaO 1.41, Y2O3 8.52, La2O3 5.93, Ce2O3 9.52, Pr2O3 0.59, Nd2O3 1.75, Sm2O3 0.46, Gd2O3 0.83, Dy2O3 1.65, Ho2O3 0.34, Er2O3 1.21, Yb2O3 0.64, CO2 29.33, H2O 6.13, total 97.94. The empirical formula of the holotype calculated on the basis of six cations is Na2.11Ca0.11Sr1.83Ba0.08Y0.67(Ce0.51La0.32Pr0.03Nd0.09Sm0.02Gd0.04 Dy0.08Ho0.02Er0.06Yb0.03)Σ1.20(CO3)5.88 (H2O)3.00. The mineral is triclinic, P1, a=9.0036(6) Å, b=9.0175(6) Å, c=6.7712(5) Å, α=102.724(2)∘, β=116.398(2)∘, γ=60.003(2)∘, V=426.46(5) Å3, and Z=1. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are 6.07(31)(001), 4.372(100)(120, 2‾1‾1, 11‾0), 4.037(25)(1‾11, 1‾2‾1, 210), 3.201(25)(121, 2‾1‾2, 11‾1), 2.831(67)(1‾12, 1‾2‾2, 211, 1‾21, 21‾0), 2.601(39)(030, 3‾3‾1,3‾01), 2.236(24)(2‾4‾1, 2‾21, 4‾2‾1). 2.019(23)(003, 2‾22, 2‾4‾2‾, 420). 1.9742(24)(032, 3‾03, 3‾3‾3, 331, 03‾2, 301). The crystal structure, solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1=0.055), is of the weloganite type.
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Giester, Gerald; Ojaste, Kelsie & Friis, Henrik (2023). Mckelveyite group minerals - Part 1: Nomenclature and new data on donnayite-(Y). European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 35(1), p. 133–142. doi: 10.5194/ejm-35-133-2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The mckelveyite group consisting of seven carbonate minerals – mckelveyite-(Y), ewaldite, weloganite, donnayite-(Y), alicewilsonite-(YCe), alicewilsonite-(YLa), and bainbridgeite-(YCe) – is formally established. The general formula of the minerals is A3B3(CO3)6 ⋅ 3H2O, where A= Na, Ca, Y, and Zr and B= Sr, Ba, Ce, and La. Different order–disorder modifications are known resulting in triclinic, monoclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal minerals with essentially the same structure. Re-examination of donnayite-(Y) type specimens shows that the original description contains data collected on two different species: donnayite-(Y) and alicewilsonite-(YCe). Donnayite-(Y), NaCaSr3Y(CO3)6 ⋅ 3H2O, was found in only one specimen out of seven – CMNMC 39396 – housed at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa. This specimen becomes the holotype of donnayite-(Y). The crystal structure of donnayite-(Y) was solved and refined to R1= 0.055 for 3366 reflections with I>2σ(I). Donnayite-(Y) is shown to have a weloganite-type structure confirming its place in the mckelveyite group.
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Friis, Henrik & Helwig, Kate (2022). Bounahasite, Cu+Cu2+<inf>2</inf>(OH)<inf>3</inf>Cl<inf>2</inf>, a new mineral from the Bou Nahas Mine, Morocco. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 87(2), p. 218–224. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2022.133. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The new mineral bounahasite, Cu+Cu2+2(OH)3Cl2, was found in the oxidation zone of the Bou Nahas Mine, Morocco. It forms pseudo-hexagonal plates up to 3 × 30 × 40 μm in size combined in loose clusters with native copper and paratacamite. The mineral is green with vitreous lustre. The cleavage is parallel to {110}, perfect. Dcalc is 3.90 g/cm3. The infrared spectrum is reported. The composition (wt.%) is Cu2O 23.26, CuO 51.72, Cl 23.36, H2O 8.71, O = Cl2 –5.27, total 101.78. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 3 Cu atoms per formula unit is: Cu+Cu2+2(OH)2.97Cl2.03. The mineral is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.5925(1), b = 6.4189(1), c = 10.4118(2) Å, β = 111.804(2)°, V = 533.17(2) Å3 and Z = 4. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 7.71(70)(01), 5.34(22)(011), 3.856(100)(012, 02), 2.673(36)(022), 2.665 (30)(103) and 2.350 (71)(23, 301, 14). The crystal structure, refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1 = 0.028), is based on two alternating sheets coplanar to (110): one consists of alternating edge-sharing Cu2+(OH)6 octahedra and two Cu2+(OH)4Cl2 octahedra, whereas the other one is based on Cu+Cl4 tetrahedra forming edge-sharing Cu+2Cl6 dimers.
Köksal, Elif; Põldsalu, Inga; Friis, Henrik; Mojzsis, Stephen J; Bizzarro, Martin & Gözen, Irep (2022). Spontaneous formation of prebiotic compartment colonies on Hadean Earth and pre-Noachian Mars. ChemSystemsChem. 4(3). doi: 10.1002/syst.202100040. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Prominent among the models for protocells is the spherical biosurfactant shell, freely suspended in aqueous media. This model explains initial, but not subsequent events in the development process towards structured protocells. Taking into consideration the involvement of naturally occurring surfaces, which were abundant on the early Earth, feasible and productive pathways for the development of primitive cells are reported. Surfaces intrinsically possess energy, easily utilized by the interfacing amphiphiles, such as lipids, to attain self-organization and spontaneous transformations. This work shows that the physical interaction of phospholipid pools with 20 Hadean Earth analogue materials as well as a Martian meteorite composed of fused regolith representing the ancient crust of Mars consistently lead to the shape transformation and autonomous formation of surfactant compartment assemblies. Dense, colony-like protocell populations grow from these lipid deposits, predominantly at the grain boundaries or cleavages of the investigated natural surfaces, and remain there for several days. The model protocells in this study are able to autonomously develop, transform and pseudo-divide, and encapsulate RNA as well as DNA. Moreover, they can accommodate non-enzymatic, DNA strand displacement reactions. These findings suggest a feasible route towards the transformation from non-living to living entities, and provide fresh support for the ‘Lipid World’ hypothesis.
Delsett, Lene Liebe; Friis, Henrik; Kölbl-Ebert, Martina & Hurum, Jørn Harald (2022). The soft tissue and skeletal anatomy of two Late Jurassic ichthyosaur specimens from the Solnhofen archipelago. PeerJ. 10. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13173. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Ichthyosaurs from the Solnhofen Lagerstätte are among the only examples of soft tissue preservation in the major Middle Jurassic–middle Cretaceous family Ophthalmosauridae. However, few such specimens are currently described, and the taphonomical pathways for the preservation of soft tissue are not well understood. In order to answer this, two new ichthyosaur specimens, one nearly complete and one isolated tail, are described here. The nearly complete specimen is assigned to Aegirosaurus sp. It is accompanied by large amounts of incrustation pseudomorphs (epimorphs) of soft tissue preserved as apatite. It also preserves a nearly complete gastral basket, for the first time in ophthalmosaurids. Soft tissue samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The analyses confirm the presence of apatite, with phosphate most likely derived from the body itself.
Bo, Fabrice Dal; Friis, Henrik & Mills, Stuart J. (2022). Nomenclature of wöhlerite-group minerals. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 86(4), p. 661–676. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2022.10. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
A nomenclature and classification scheme for wöhlerite-group minerals has been established. The general formula of minerals belonging to this group is given by X8(Si2O7)2W4, where X = Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Ti4+, Zr4+ and Nb5+; and W = F– and O2–. In addition, they may incorporate significant amounts of Mg2+, Fe2+, Y3+ and REE3+, where REE are the lanthanides. The main structural feature of these minerals is the four-columns-wide octahedral walls, which are interconnected through corner sharing and via the disilicate groups. The wöhlerite-group minerals crystallise in different unit-cell settings and symmetries, depending on the cationic ordering in the octahedral walls and the relative position of the disilicate groups. Different combinations of X and W constituents should be regarded as separate mineral species. In the case of coupled heterovalent substitutions at different crystallographic sites, it is advised to use the site-total charge approach to determine the correct end-member composition. Due to their structural and chemical features, wöhlerite-group minerals can easily form crystals with several micro domains, showing different crystal structures and chemical compositions. In addition, the crystallisation of polytypes is relatively common, although they should not be regarded as distinct mineral species. To date, ten minerals belonging to the wöhlerite group are considered as valid species: baghdadite, burpalite, cuspidine, hiortdahlite, janhaugite, låvenite, moxuanxueite, niocalite, normandite and wöhlerite. Låvenite and normandite are isostructural and are respectively the Zr and Ti end-members of a solid-solution series. Marianoite is discredited, as it is corresponds to wöhlerite. The ideal formula of hiortdahlite is revised as Na2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr0.5)Zr(Si2O7)2OF3, with one cationic site characterised by a valency-imposed double site-occupancy. These changes have been approved by the IMA–CNMNC (Proposal 20–D).
Gulbransen, Emil Holtung; Friis, Henrik; Bo, Fabrice Dal & Erambert, Muriel (2022). Illoqite-(Ce), Na2NaBaCeZnSi6O17, a new member of the nordite supergroup from Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 86(1), p. 141–149. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.104. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract The new mineral, illoqite-(Ce), with the ideal formula Na 2 NaBaCeZnSi 6 O 17 , has been discovered in the Taseq Slope, Ilímaussaq Alkaline Complex, Southern Greenland. Illoqite-(Ce) occurs in a hyperalkaline ussingite vein closely related to one of the largest ussingite veins in the Ilímaussaq complex. The associated minerals are aegirine, arfvedsonite, a britholite-group mineral, epistolite, chkalovite, lueshite, Mn-rich pectolite group member and steenstrupine-(Ce). Illoqite-(Ce) crystallises as either single euhedral crystals up to 150 μm in size or radiating aggregates consisting of a few or many crystals. The aggregates are up to 200 μm in diameter. Illoqite-(Ce) can occur as scattered small groups of crystals or aggregates, but sometimes they occur in high concentrations creating clusters or bands almost completely consisting of illoqite-(Ce). The empirical formula on the basis of 17 anions is Na 2.00 Na 1.00 (Ba 0.59 Sr 0.32 Ca 0.04 Na 0.03 ) Σ0.98 (Ce 0.68 La 0.31 Nd 0.09 Pr 0.04 ) Σ1.12 (Zn 0.42 Fe 0.34 Li 0.14 Mn 0.09 ) Σ0.99 Si 5.97 O 17 , with the simplified formula being Na 2 Na(Ba,Sr)(Ce,La,Nd)(Zn,Fe,Li)Si 6 O 17 . Illoqite-(Ce) exhibits sector zoning between elements Sr and Ba. The crystal structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined to R 1 = 2.46% using 1902 unique reflections. Illoqite-(Ce) is orthorhombic, Pcca , with a = 14.5340(7), b = 5.2213(1), c = 19.8270(4) Å, V = 1507.25(6) Å 3 and Z = 4. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [ d , Å ( I , %) ( hkl )] are: 7.266 (79) (200), 4.688 (44) (104), 4.241 (64) (210), 3.486 (79) (114), 3.340 (52) (312), 2.986 (67) (410), 2.882 (100) (314) and 2.789 (44) (016). Illoqite-(Ce) is a new member of the nordite supergroup and is named after the Greenlandic word illoq, meaning cousin, in allusion to the mineral's close relation to nordite-(Ce).
Bo, Fabrice Dal; Gulbransen, Emil Holtung & Friis, Henrik (2021). New data on nordite-(Ce) and the establishment of the nordite supergroup. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 85, p. 431–437. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.42. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract A nomenclature scheme has been set up for the nordite supergroup of minerals, which have the general formula A 2 BXYZT 6 O 17 and where A = Na; B = Na, Ca; X = Sr, Ca, Ba; Y = REE , Sr; Z = Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg and T = Si. The nordite supergroup includes nordite-(La), nordite-(Ce), ferronordite-(La), ferronordite-(Ce) and manganonordite-(Ce), as well as meieranite which is considered as an unassigned member of the nordite supergroup. In the known nordite-group minerals the Y site is occupied by rare earth elements (REE), while in meieranite the Y site is occupied by Sr. The dominant element on the tetrahedral Z site determines the prefix used in the mineral name. New rootnames must be given to species with a different dominant element on the A , B or X sites. Nordite supergroup minerals are orthorhombic, although nordite-group minerals and meieranite crystallise in the Pcca and P 2 1 nb space groups, respectively. The proposed nomenclature scheme for the nordite supergroup has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). In addition, new chemical and structural investigations were performed on nordite-(Ce) from Illutalik (Igdlutalik), South Greenland, leading to the first crystal structure refinement for nordite-(Ce).
Lussier, Aaron J; Grice, Joel D; Friis, Henrik & Poirier, Glenn (2021). Insights into the crystal chemistry of the serandite-schizolite-pectolite series. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 59, p. 551–572. doi: 10.3749/canmin.1900097. Full text in Research Archive
Chukanov, Nikita V.; Möhn, Gerhard; Bo, Fabrice Dal; Zubkova, Natalia V.; Varlamov, Dmitry A. & Pekov, Igor V. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2021). Oberwolfachite, SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6, a new alunite-supergroup mineral from the Clara mine, Schwarzwald, Germany and Monterniers mine, Rhône, France. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 85(5), p. 808–816. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.63. Full text in Research Archive
Müller, Axel; Friis, Henrik & Schmitt, R.T. (2020). Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) – ein Protagonist der Erstellung und Förderung wissenschaftlicher Sammlungen für die öffentliche Bildung und Forschung. Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften. ISSN 0947-5850. Full text in Research Archive
Borst, Anouk M; Finch, Adrian A.; Friis, Henrik; Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Gamaletsos, Platon N. & Goettlicher, Joerg [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Structural state of rare earth elements in eudialyte-group minerals. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 84(1), p. 19–34. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2019.50. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Eudialyte-group minerals (EGM) attract global interest as potential resources for high-field-strength elements (e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta, and rare-earth elements), i.e. critical materials for modern technologies. They are particularly valued for their relative enrichment in the most critical lanthanides, i.e. Nd and heavy rare earth elements (Gd–Lu). However, rare earth element (REE) substitution mechanisms into the EGM structure are still poorly understood. Light and heavy REE may occupy different sites and there may be ordering and/or defect clustering in the structure. This study uses X-ray absorption spectroscopy to determine the structural state of REE in EGM from prospective eudialyte-bearing complexes. Yttrium K-edge and Nd L3-edge spectra were collected as proxies for heavy and light REE, respectively, and compared to natural and synthetic REE-bearing standards. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure data yield best fits for Y in six-fold coordination with Y–O distances of 2.24–2.32 Å, and a second coordination sphere comprising Fe, Na, Ca, Si and O at radial distances of 3.6–3.8 Å. These findings are consistent with dominant Y3+ substitution for Ca2+ on the octahedral M1 site in all the samples studied, and exclude preferential substitution of Y3+ onto the smaller octahedral Z site or the large low-symmetry N4 site. Using lattice strain theory, we constructed relative partitioning models to predict site preferences of lanthanides we have not measured directly. The models predict that all REE are favoured on the Ca-dominant M1 site and that preferential partitioning of heavy over light REE increases in EGM containing significant Mn in the M1-octahedral rings (oneillite subgroup). Thus, the flat REE profiles that make EGM such attractive exploration targets are not due to preferential partitioning of light and heavy REE onto different sites. Instead, local ordering of Mn- and Ca-occupied M1 sites may influence the capacity of EGM to accommodate heavy REE.
Sunde, Øyvind; Friis, Henrik; Andersen, Tom; Trumbull, Robert; Wiedenbeck, Michael & Lyckberg, Peter [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Boron isotope composition of coexisting tourmaline and hambergite in alkaline and granitic pegmatites. Lithos. ISSN 0024-4937. 352-353. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105293. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline and hambergite (Be2BO3[OH,F]) from peraluminous (n = 12), peralkaline (n = 1), and peralkaline nepheline syenite (n = 16) pegmatites has been measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, for which a new hambergite reference material was developed. The focus of this study is on nepheline syenite pegmatites from the Larvik Plutonic Complex (Norway) and one peralkaline pegmatite related to the nearby Eikeren-Skrim Complex (Norway), where we investigate the source of boron as being from magmatic vs. external fluids. Tourmaline-hambergite mineral pairs were also analysed from peraluminous pegmatite localities (Russia, Tajikistan, and Pakistan) to test for systematic B-isotope fractionation between these two minerals. Tourmaline and hambergite from peraluminous granitic pegmatites have light boron ratios (δ11B = −12.9to −1.0‰) associated with S-type granites, whereas peralkaline granitic and nepheline syenite pegmatites have boron ratios (δ11B = −1.7 to 11.8‰), which we interpret is a result of heavy‑boron enrichment from external fluids. Our data show that hambergite tracks isotope variations of its geochemical setting and could therefore be used as a proxy mineral in place of tourmaline when geochemical stability favours hambergite. The results suggest a slight but consistent partitioning of B-isotopes between tourmaline and hambergite, with Δ11B = δ11Btourmaline−δ11Bhambergite in the range of approximately −3‰ to −5‰. Boron is in trigonal coordination with oxygen in both of these mineral phases as verified by NMR. Single crystal XRD analyses of tourmaline and hambergite reveal consistent longer <B-O > distances of tourmaline relative to hambergite. We attribute the boron isotopic fractionation to the longer <B-O > bond-lengths in tourmaline compared with hambergite.
Piilonen, Paula C.; Friis, Henrik; Rowe, Ralph & Poirier, Glenn (2020). Crystal structure determination of kosnarite, KZr2(PO4)3, from the Mario Pinto Mine, Jenipapo district, Itinga, Brazil. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 58(5), p. 637–652. doi: 10.3749/canmin.2000044. Full text in Research Archive
Grey, Ian E.; Hochleitner, Rupert; Rewitzer, Christian; Riboldi-Tunnicliffe, Alan; Kampf, Anthony R. & MacRae, Colin M. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). The walentaite group and the description of a new member, alcantarillaite, from the Alcantarilla mine, Belalcázar, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 84(3), p. 412–419. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2020.18. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The general structural formula for the walentaite group is [((A), A], based on heteropolyhedral layers of configuration [M], with surface-coordinated species at the B, As2 and As3 sites, and with interlayer hydrated cation groups centred at the A sites. The group is divided into walentaite and halilsarpite subgroups based on T = P5+ and As5+, respectively. Alcantarillaite, (IMA2019-072), [Fe3+], is a new member of the walentaite group from the Alcantarilla wolframite mine, Belalcázar, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain. It occurs most commonly as lemon-yellow fillings together with massive scorodite in fissures and cracks in quartz adjacent to löllingite. It is also found as tiny yellow rosettes lining vugs and as spheroids of ultrathin blades. It is associated with scorodite, pharmacosiderite, ferberite and schneiderhöhnite. Optically it is biaxial (–), with α = 1.703(calc), β = 1.800(5), γ = 1.850(5) and 2V = 68(1)° (white light). Dispersion is r > v, moderate. The optical orientation is X = a, Y = c and Z = b. The calculated density is 3.06 g cm–3. Electron microprobe analyses together with crystal structure refinement results gives the empirical formula [Fe3+]. Alcantarillaite is orthorhombic, with an average structure described in Imma, and with a = 24.038(8) Å, b = 7.444(3) Å, c = 10.387(3) Å, V = 1858.6(11) Å3 and Z = 4. The structure (wR = 0.078 for 651 reflections to a resolution of 0.91 Å) differs most significantly from other walentaite-group members in having an interlayer A2 site occupied. Square-pyramidal polyhedra centred at the A2 sites form edge-shared dimers, (Fe3+. The dimers share vertices with T anions in the layers on either side to form 8-sided channels along [010] occupied by H2O molecules.
Lykova, Inna; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn; Helwig, Kate & Friis, Henrik (2020). Manganoarrojadite-(KNa), KNa5MnFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2, a new arrojadite-group mineral from the Palermo No. 1 mine, New Hampshire, USA. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 84(6), p. 932–940. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2020.88. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
A new arrojadite-group mineral manganoarrojadite-(KNa), ideally KNa5MnFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2, was found in a phosphate-bearing granite pegmatite at the Palermo No. 1 mine, New Hampshire, USA. It forms anhedral grains up to 1 × 1.5 cm in size combined in aggregates with vivianite, goyazite, quartz and calcite. The mineral is olive green with a pale green streak and vitreous to greasy lustre. The cleavage is good in one direction. The Mohs hardness is 4½. Dcalc is 3.53 g/cm3. Manganoarrojadite-(KNa) is optically biaxial (–), α = 1.658(2), β = 1.666(2), γ = 1.670(2), 2Vmeas. = 67(1)° and 2Vcalc. = 70° (589 nm). The infrared spectrum is reported. The composition (wt.%) is Na2O 6.97, K2O 1.78, CaO 0.31, MgO 2.17, MnO 12.30, FeO 31.17, Al2O3 2.43, P2O5 40.48, F 0.30, H2O 1.32, O = F2 –0.13, total 99.10. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 12 P and (O+OH+F) = 50 apfu is Na4.73K0.80Ca0.12Mg1.13Mn2+3.65Fe2+9.13Al1.00P12.00O46.59OH3.08F0.33. The ideal structural formula is A1KA2NaB1NaB2NaNa1,2Na2Na3□ CMnMFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)W(OH)2. The mineral is monoclinic, Cc, a = 16.5345(3), b = 10.0406(2), c = 24.6261(5) Å, β = 105.891(2)°, V = 3932.09(14) Å3 and Z = 4. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 5.902(24)(202), 5.025(24)(020), 3.208(47)(206,32), 3.048(100)(14, 24), 2.758(24)(02) and 2.704(70)(226). The crystal structure, refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1 = 0.025), is of the arrojadite structure type. Manganoarrojadite-(KNa) is the first arrojadite-group mineral with Mn dominant on the site usually occupied by Ca and without Ca as the dominant cation at any cation site.
Husdal, Tomas; Grey, Ian; Friis, Henrik; Bo, Fabrice Dal; Kampf, Anthony R. & MacRae, Colin M. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Halilsarpite, a new arsenate analogue of walentaite, from the Oumlil mine, Bou Azzer district, Morocco. European journal of mineralogy. ISSN 0935-1221. 32(1), p. 89–98. doi: 10.5194/ejm-32-89-2020. Full text in Research Archive
Steffenssen, Georg Anthony Wangsmo; Müller, Axel; Munnik, Frans; Friis, Henrik; Erambert, Muriel & Kristoffersen, Magnus [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Unusual scandium enrichments of the Tørdal pegmatites, south Norway. Part I: Garnet as Sc exploration pathfinder. Ore Geology Reviews. ISSN 0169-1368. 126. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103729. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The granitic pegmatites of Tørdal belong to the Late-Proterozoic Sveconorwegian pegmatite province of south Scandinavia. They form a cluster of about 300 bodies 20 km NW of the town Drangedal in southern Norway and have been known for their Sc enrichment for about 100 years. Scandium is a compatible element in garnet. In this study, 32 garnet samples from 16 pegmatite localities across the Tørdal pegmatite field were investigated to determine the Sc distribution within garnets (crystal scale), within pegmatite bodies (pegmatite scale) and across the Tørdal pegmatite field (regional scale). In the Tørdal pegmatites, Sc content in garnet is representative for the Sc bulk composition of pegmatites, defining garnet as a reliable pathfinder mineral for the exploration of Sc mineralization in pegmatite fields. Garnets with highest Sc concentrations of up to 2197 µg/g have a spessartine component ranging from 50 to 60 mol.%. Since most garnets crystallized during the early stage of pegmatite formation (wall zone stage) Sc decreases in the remaining pegmatite melt, as documented by generally decreasing Sc from core to rim of crystals and by the occurrence of late-stage garnets (albite zone stage) with low Sc. Thus, with progressing crystallization Sc decreases in the melt. The regional Sc distribution in the Tørdal pegmatite field revealed that the Skardsfjell-Heftetjern-Høydalen pegmatites have highest Sc enrichments to sub-economic levels, with an average bulk Sc content of 53 µg/g and an average Sc content in garnet of about 1900 µg/g in the Heftetjern 2 pegmatite. The assumed resources of the Skardsfjell-Heftetjern-Høydalen area are about 125,000 t ore grading c. 50 µg/g Sc resulting in a total of 625 t Sc, which is too small to have economic potential. However, the strong Sc enrichment of the Tørdal pegmatites is unusual for granitic pegmatites, making them a specific Sc deposit type. The amphibolitic host rocks of the Tørdal pegmatites are identified as the source rocks of Sc. The host rocks, which are part of the Nissedal Outlier supracrustals, are enriched in Sc (mean 34 µg/g) compared to average crustal compositions (mean 14 µg/g). Scandium of amphiboles was preferentially released at the onset of partial melting of the amphibolites. Thus, the Sc content in the pegmatite is strongly dependent on the degree of partial melting.
Hutchison, William; Babiel, Rainer J.; Finch, Adrian A.; Marks, Michael A. W.; Markl, Gregor & Boyce, Adrian J [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Sulphur isotopes of alkaline magmas unlock longterm records of crustal recycling on Earth. Nature Communications. 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12218-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Earth’s surface and mantle sulphur reservoirs are connected via subduction, crustal recycling and volcanism. Although oceanic hotspot lavas currently provide the best constraints on the deep sulphur cycle, their restricted age range (<200 Ma) means they cannot reveal temporal variations in crustal recycling over Earth history. Sulphur-rich alkaline magmas offer the solution because they are associated with recycled sources (i.e. metasomatized lithospheric mantle and plumes) and, crucially, are found throughout the geological record. Here, we present a detailed study of sulphur isotope fractionation in a Mesoproterozoic alkaline province in Greenland and demonstrate that an enriched subduction-influenced source (δ34S of +1 to +5‰) can be reconstructed. A global δ34S compilation reveals secular variation in alkaline magma sources which support changes in the composition of the lithospheric mantle and/or Ga timescales for deep crustal recycling. Thus, alkaline magmas represent a powerful yet underutilized repository for interrogating crustal recycling through geological time.
Sunde, Øyvind; Friis, Henrik & Andersen, Tom (2019). Pegmatites of the Larvik Plutonic Complex, Oslo Rift, Norway: field relations and characterisation. Norwegian Journal of Geology. ISSN 2387-5844. 99(1), p. 93–111. doi: 10.17850/njg99-1-05. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The Larvik Plutonic Complex (LPC) contains pegmatites with a wide array of mineral assemblages and morphological features. The pegmatites have traditionally been described as nepheline syenite and syenite pegmatites which carry agpaitic or miaskitic mineral assemblages, respectively. However, several pegmatites fall outside this simple characterisation due to ‘agpaitic-like’ late magmatic mineral assemblages such as hiortdahlite and eudialyte group minerals. Morphological and mineralogical differences between pegmatites are not unique to, or related with, specific areas of the LPC. Compositional variation and deformation features of the host pluton are the main mechanisms for differing morphology and mineral assemblages between LPC pegmatites. Natrolite replacement of feldspathoid is the most common alteration feature in the nepheline syenite pegmatites. The extent of alteration is closely associated with crystallisation of saccharoidal albite and aegirine. Detailed description of a nepheline syenite pegmatite situated in the Sagåsen quarry provides new insights into the internal evolution and mineral distribution of a large representative pegmatite body. The most important mechanism driving hydrous alteration is the crystallisation of anhydrous primary minerals which leads to an immiscible hydrous fluid driving in situ alterations of primary mineral assemblages.
Grice, Joel D; Lussier, Aaron J; Friis, Henrik; Rowe, Ralph; Poirier, Glenn & Fihl, Zina (2019). Discreditation of the pyroxenoid mineral name ‘marshallsussmanite’ with a reinstatement of the name schizolite, NaCaMnSi3O8(OH). Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 83(3), p. 473–478. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2019.21. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Schizolite, originating from the type locality, Tutop Agtakôrfia, in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, Julianehåb district, South Greenland, was described initially by Winther (1901) with additional data being supplied by Bøggild (1903). Recently, a proposal for the new mineral ‘marshallsussmanite’ was submitted to, and approved by, the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (IMA2013-067) by Origlieri et al. (2013). Results from the detailed examination of two schizolite cotype samples presented here, using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, and optical properties, confirms it to be equivalent to ‘marshallsussmanite’. Historical precedence sets a priority for discrediting the name ‘marshallsussmanite’ in favour of the original, more-than-a century-old name, schizolite. The two schizolite samples investigated vary slightly in physical and chemical properties but are consistent overall. The prismatic crystals are pale red or pink to brownish. Schizolite is brittle with a splintery aspect. It is biaxial (+), with average optical parameters: α = 1.626 ± 0.003, β = 1.630 ± 0.002, γ = 1.661 ± 0.002, 2Vmeas = 71(4)° and 2Vcalc = 40°; there is no pleochroism. Electron microprobe analysis shows both samples have nearly identical compositions (differences &lt;0.4 wt.% oxide), with the mean values of: SiO2 52.6(4); Al2 0.005(1); FeO 2.54(2); MnO 13.86(9); CaO 17.9(4); Na2O 8.9(1); and H2O 2.59(2) wt.% oxide; this corresponds to a mean formula of: Na1.00(2)(OH). Final least-squares structure refinements for both samples converged at R values ≤2.0%; H atoms were located in all refinements.
Kampf, Anthony R.; Chukanov, Nikita V.; Möhn, Gerhard; Dini, Maurizio; Donoso, Arturo A. Molina & Friis, Henrik (2019). Cuatrocapaite-(NH4) and cuatrocapaite-(K), two new minerals from the Torrecillas mine, Iquique Province, Chile, related to lucabindiite and gajardoite. Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 83(5), p. 741–748. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2019.26. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The new minerals cuatrocapaite-(NH4) (IMA2018-083) and cuatrocapaite-(K) (IMA2018-084) are the NH4- and K-dominant members of a series with the general formula (NH4,K)3(NaMg□)(As2O3)6Cl6·16H2O. Both minerals were found at the Torrecillas mine, Iquique Province, Chile, where they occur as secondary alteration phases. Both minerals occur as hexagonal tablets up to ~0.3 mm in diameter. They are transparent, with a vitreous lustre and white streak. For both, the Mohs hardness is ca. 2½, the crystals are somewhat flexible, but not elastic, the fracture is irregular and the cleavage is perfect on {001}. The measured densities are 2.65(2) and 2.76(2) g/cm3 for the NH4- and K-dominant species, respectively. Optically, cuatrocapaite-(NH4) is uniaxial (–) with ω = 1.779(3) and ε = 1.541(3) and cuatrocapaite-(K) is uniaxial (–) with ω = 1.777(3) and ε = 1.539(3) (white light). The minerals are insoluble in acids, but decompose in NaOH(aq). The empirical formulas, determined from electron-microprobe analyses, are (NH4)2.48Na1.66Mg0.87K0.09(As12O18.05)Cl5.88·16.02H2O and K2.68Na1.33Mg0.93(NH4)0.31(As12O18.01)Cl6.16·16.04H2O. The minerals are trigonal, space group R m; the cuatrocapaite-(NH4) cell parameters are a = 5.25321(19), c = 46.6882(19) Å, V = 1115.80(9) Å3 and Z = 1; the cuatrocapaite-(K) cell parameters are a = 5.2637(15), c = 46.228(8) Å, V = 1109.2(7) Å3 and Z = 1. The structures, refined for cuatrocapaite-(NH4) to R1 = 1.78% for 544 Io > 2σI reflections, contain four types of layers: (1) a planar neutral As2O3 (arsenite) sheet; (2) an ( ,K+) layer that links adjacent arsenite sheets; (3) a Cl– layer placed on the As side of each arsenite; and (4) a layer containing partially occupied Na, Mg and H2O sites that is flanked on either side by Cl layers. The layer sequence for the type 1, 2 and 3 layers is identical to the Cl–As2O3–K–As2O3–Cl layer sequence in the structures of lucabindiite and gajardoite.
Rosing-Schow, Nanna; Müller, Axel; Romer, Rolf L. & Friis, Henrik (2019). New age constraints on the formation of sveconorwegian pegmatites. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 57(5), p. 787–790. doi: 10.3749/canmin.AB00022. Full text in Research Archive
Gradstein, Felix M; Waskowska, Anna; Kopaevich, Ludmila; Watkins, David K; Friis, Henrik & Panera, J Perez (2018). Berriasian planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils from Crimea Mountains, with reference to microfossil evolution. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. ISSN 1664-2376. 138(2), p. 213–236. doi: 10.1007/s13358-018-0175-8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
A Berriasian age planktonic foraminifera assemblage from a section near the village of Krasnoselivka in the Tonas River Basin, Crimea contains Favusella hoterivica (Subbotina), ?Favusella sp., Conoglobigerina gulekhensis (Gorbachik and Poroshina), Lilliputinella eocretacea (Neagu), Lilliputinella aff. similis (Longoria), Hedbergella aff. handousi Salaj and ? Globuligerina sp. Specimens are poorly preserved, but test morphology, aperture and key wall texture features are recognizable. Age assignment is based on a diverse and well-preserved calcareous nannofossils assemblage of upper zone CC2 and ammonites (Jacobi Zone). The nannfossils indicate an open marine environment of Tethyan affinity. Several of the planktonic foraminiferal taxa were not previously described from pre-Valanginian or Hauterivian strata. XRD analysis of the tests of benthic and planktonic foraminifera and micro-gastropods shows these to be calcitic in composition, also of those benthic and planktonic foraminifera that were deemed to be originally aragonitic in composition, indicating diagenetic changes in carbonate fractions. From detailed comparison to Jurassic planktonic foraminifera, two lineages are proposed from Late Jurassic into earliest Cretaceous: Globuligerina oxfordiana (Grigelis) to Favusella hoterivica (Subbotina) and Globuligerina balakhmatovae (Morozova) to Lilliputinella eocretacea (Neagu). The first lineage is a gradual change in wall sculpture from rugulose to reticulate and the second one a change to a lower spire, more ovate chambers of which the last one may be much larger in size and shift of the aperture out of the umbilicus. The meagre evolution of early planktonic foraminifera from Toarcian through Tithonian with only two genera and fewer than ten species does not follow the evolutionary diversity pattern of nannofossils and dinoflagellates. Tithonian appears to be a bottleneck for planktonic foraminifera, with a sparse record and virtual extinction. The so-called Globigerina oxfordiana from the Tithonian in ODP Site 901 on Galicia Bank (Collins et al. Proceeding Deep Sea Drilling Project Science Research 149:193–201, 1996) is of Miocene age.
Friis, Henrik (2018). Discreditation of tombarthite-(Y). Mineralogical magazine. ISSN 0026-461X. 82(5), p. 1131–1139. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2018.111. Full text in Research Archive
Friis, Henrik & Casey, William H. (2018). Niobium is highly mobile As a polyoxometalate ion during natural weathering. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 56(6), p. 905–912. doi: 10.3749/canmin.1800058. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Niobium is usually considered to be one of the least mobile elements during alteration of rocks in geological processes and is thought to only be mobile at elevated temperatures and/or pressures. Since niobium is assumed to be unaffected by weathering it can be used in geochemical-evolution calculations to estimate the loss of material from the weathering of rocks. There are roughly a hundred niobium-bearing minerals, including those in the pyrochlore group, which comprises the main ores for Nb and Ta. Furthermore, pyrochlores are identified as potential hosts for nuclear waste because of their resistance to weathering. Here we show that niobium can be highly mobile even at near-surface geochemical conditions as a soluble and unreactive polyoxometalate ion. Discovery of the first natural hexaniobate minerals, all formed at near-surface conditions, provides evidence that niobium is being actively leached out of nearby primary minerals and easily transported as polyoxometalate ions. In addition, we show how Nb and Ta can be fractionated during low-temperature processes.
Sunde, Øyvind; Friis, Henrik & Andersen, Tom (2018). Variation in Major and Trace Elements of Primary WÖhlerite As an Indicator of the Origin of Pegmatites in the Larvik Plutonic Complex, Norway. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 56(4), p. 529–542. doi: 10.3749/canmin.1700050. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

Szreter, Anna Aleksandra; Friis, Henrik; Finch, Adrian A. & Manning, David AC (2024). Hydrocarbons in the Ivittuut cryolite body, SW Greenland. Full text in Research Archive
Szreter, Anna Aleksandra; Friis, Henrik; Finch, Adrian A. & Stuart, Finlay M. (2024). Fluids activity in the Ivigtût Cryolite Body, SW Greenland. Full text in Research Archive
Gulbransen, Emil Holtung; Friis, Henrik; Hutchison, Will & Andersen, Tom (2024). Sulphur isotopes and helvine-group minerals of pegmatites in the Larvik Plutonic Complex (LPC), Norway. Full text in Research Archive
Friis, Henrik; Rumsey, Michael S. & Jeremiassen, Ninni (2024). Using mineral collections to evaluate the environmental impact of mining in the Arctic. Full text in Research Archive
Rumsey, Michael S. & Friis, Henrik (2024). The importance of ‘depth’ in a mineral collection for research – implications for collaborative digitisation efforts and disposal strategies. Full text in Research Archive
Jeremiassen, Ninni; Jia, Yu; Hansen, Violeta; Friis, Henrik; Larsen, Morten Birch & Olsen, Maia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Leaching dynamics of Pb, Zn, and F: Long-term leaching of waste rock from mine site of Ivittuut, South Greenland. Full text in Research Archive
Holtstam, Dan; Langhof, Jörgen; Friis, Henrik; Karlsson, Andreas & Erambert, Muriel (2024). The minium mineral group. Full text in Research Archive
Skursch, Ole; Andersen, Tom; Bo, Fabrice Dal; Karup-Møller, Sven & Friis, Henrik (2024). Compositional controls on the rinkite-(Ce)-nacareniobsite-(Ce) solid solution series. Full text in Research Archive
Karlsson, Andreas; Bo, Fabrice Dal; Friis, Henrik; Jonsson, Erik; Zack, Thomas & Sjöqvist, Axel S.L. (2024). A new Zr-Ti-silicate related to rosenbuschite from the agpaitic rocks of Norra Kärr, southern Sweden. Full text in Research Archive
Jeremiassen, Ninni; Jia, Yu; Hansen, Violeta; Friis, Henrik & Ulrich, Thomas (2024). Leaching dynamics of Pb, Zn, and F: Short-term leaching of waste rock from the Ivittuut mine site, South Greenland. Full text in Research Archive
Danielsen, Per Alexander E.; Friis, Henrik & Andersen, Tom (2024). New insight into jarlite and jørgensenite, two rare Sr-fluorides from Ivigtut, South Greenland. Full text in Research Archive
Spilde, Ingrid & Friis, Henrik (2024). Pesten herjer på museet i Oslo: 100 år gamle steinprøver er plutselig blitt til støv. [Internet]. forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Spilde, Ingrid & Friis, Henrik (2024). Pest på Naturhistorisk museum: – Slike skader kan sammenlignes med en langsom brann. [Internet]. forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Gulbransen, Emil Holtung; Friis, Henrik; Hutchison, William & Andersen, Tom (2023). Helvine-group minerals and sulphur isotopes in the Larvik Plutonic Complex, Norway. Full text in Research Archive
Szreter, Anna; Finch, Adrian A.; Friis, Henrik & Stuart, Finlay M. (2023). How fluids make or break critical metal deposits: the Ivigtut Cryolite Body, SW Greenland. Full text in Research Archive
Schou, Ingrid & Friis, Henrik (2023). Denne steinen viste seg å være inni et dinosauregg. [Internet]. ung.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Reed, Eilif Ursin & Friis, Henrik (2023). Tilbake til steinalderen. [Internet]. Magasinet KLIMA. Full text in Research Archive
Lu, Yang; Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Guzik, Matylda N.; Dunkel, Kristina G & Austrheim, Håkon Olaf [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Dypingite revisited. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 2023, p. 23–30. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Peter & Friis, Henrik (2023). Mineraler i skarn- og kalksilikatbergarter i Matmora jernforekomst, Vågan, Nordland. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 2023, p. 49–55. Full text in Research Archive
Larsen, Knut Edvard & Friis, Henrik (2023). Datolitt fra Sagåsen larvikittbrudd, Porsgrunn, Telemark. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 2023, p. 57–59. Full text in Research Archive
Friis, Henrik; Lu, Yang; Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Guzik, Matylda N. & Dunkel, Kristina G [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Dypingitt - Nytt 'liv' i gamle gruver. Full text in Research Archive
Hurum, Jørn Harald; Hammer, Øyvind; Friis, Henrik; Müller, Axel; Engelschiøn, Victoria Sjøholt & Strøm, Marianne (2023). En kort veiledning for de nye utstillingene i Geologisk hus, Naturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo. Stein. ISSN 0802-9121. p. 3–13. Full text in Research Archive
Hurum, Jørn Harald; Friis, Henrik; Thor, Thorsen & Lund, Bjørn (2023). Kalsittkrystallene fra Brevik i inngangspartiet på Institutt for Geofag, Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Lu, Yang; Vistad, Ørnulv Bjørnsson; Austrheim, Håkon; Friis, Henrik & Carvalho, Patricia Almeida [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Magnesium Hydroxy Carbonate Hydrates—Nature-Inspired Water Filters for Heavy Metal Sequestration. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Magnesium hydroxy carbonate hydrates: Nature-inspired water filters for heavy metal sequestration Anton Sednev-Lugovets1, Yang Lu2, Ørnulv Vistad3, Håkon Austrheim4, Henrik Friis2, Patricia A. Carvalho3 and Matylda N. Guzik1 1 University of Oslo, Department of Technology Systems, Kjeller, Norway 2 University of Oslo, Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway 3 SINTEF Industry, Oslo, Norway 4 University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, Oslo, Norway The climate change, growing world population, together with a widespread use of chemicals in industry and our everyday life, are projected to reduce water availability in sufficient quantity and quality. Heavy metal contaminations have a seriously damaging impact on the quality of water bodies, imposing a great burden on downstream users and ecosystems. Although, natural materials, such as charcoal, sand and diatomaceous earth, have been already incorporated into modern water filtration systems ( ), there is still a great need for highly efficient and environmentally sustainable sorbents. Motivated by this challenge, we focus our research on investigation of nature-inspired sustainable functional materials and their application in water filter technologies. Magnesium hydroxy carbonate hydrates are a relatively small group of naturally formed minerals that have been widely investigated for large-scale CO2 sequestration. However, our recent study has shown that these compounds can also effectively remove heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni ( )) from water and act as water filters ( , ). Two members of this mineral family: 1) dypingite (named in ’70s by Gunnar Raade, after the Dypingdal serpentine-magnesite deposit in Norway), and yet 2) unnamed compound (hereafter referred to as UPh, a new crystalline phase identified by us while studying dypingite samples), deserve particular attention due to their unique desert rose morphology. The term “desert rose” designates self-assembled microstructures with clusters organized into fanning platelets. These 3D configurations exhibit hierarchical features that span across multiple length scales and present high specific surface area, which are crucial for many applications including sorption. Despite the remarkable sorption performance, information about the dypingite and UPh structural properties is surprisingly limited. Even though, the naturally occurring dypingite was a subject of several investigations ( , ), the available data on the material chemical composition, in particular water content, and structural features are inconsistent. The synthetic dypingite minerals has also been obtained but none of the applied approaches resulted in the formation of desert rose-like microstructures, occurring exclusively in naturally formed compounds. For better understanding of phenomena behind the physical & chemical performance of both minerals, the systematic and detailed material analysis is indispensable. To partly fill this gap, we have been performing comprehensive structural, microstructural and functional studies on natural and synthetic samples of both minerals that allow us: i) to define optimum synthesis conditions for the formation of materials with desert rose morphologies, ii) to determine relationship between the material structural/microstructural characteristics and its heavy metal sorption capacity, iii) to define the compound stability range, and iv) to identify unique powder X-ray diffraction patterns of both phases, in order to solve their crystal structures.
Lu, Yang; Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Guzik, Matylda N.; Dunkel, Kristina G & Austrheim, Håkon Olaf [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Dypingite series defined by the content of molecular H2O. Full text in Research Archive
Andersen, Tom; Elburg, Marlina A. & Friis, Henrik (2023). Semiquantitative modelling of parameters controlling agpaitic crystallization in nepheline syenite in the Pilanesberg alkaline complex, South Africa. Full text in Research Archive
Guzik, Matylda N.; Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Friis, Henrik; Lu, Yang & Vistad, Ørnulv Bjørnsson [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Sustainable materials & green technologies for renewable energy systems / Nature-inspired filters for sequestration of heavy metals. Full text in Research Archive
Melteig, Elina & Friis, Henrik (2022). Fra gull til gråstein: På et lager på Økern ligger 44.000 mineralprøver. [Internet]. Titan.uio.no. Full text in Research Archive
Vogt, Yngve; Hurum, Jørn Harald & Friis, Henrik (2022). Snart kan du se en gravid fiskeøgle i Oslo. [Internet]. Forskningsmagasinet Apollon. Full text in Research Archive
Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Lu, Yang; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Vistad, Ørnulv Bjørnsson; Friis, Henrik & Austrheim, Håkon Olaf [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Dypingite: The phase identification and transformation. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Dypingite is a naturally occurring mineral, with an empirical formula Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·5H₂O, and a member of the hydrocarbonate mineral group. It was named in 1970 by Gunnar Raade, after the Dypingdal serpentine-magnesite deposit in Norway ( ). Recently, it was reported that this mineral can effectively remove heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni ( )) from water and cause their long-term immobilisation ( ). It is expected that the unique desert rose morphology of the compound or/and peculiarities of its crystal structure (Figure 1) are the reasons of the dypingite remarkable sorption properties. Despite the fact that this mineral has been known for 50 years, the information about its unit cell parameters, or even Bragg peak positions, is inconsistent and surprisingly limited. To partly fill this gap, we have been performing comprehensive structural and microstructural studies on the natural and synthetic dypingite powder samples to: i) identify a crystalline phase called dypingite; ii) correctly index powder X-ray diffraction (PXD) patterns so as to determine the compound unit cell parameters and to solve its crystal structure; iii) investigate the dypingite phase transformation occurring upon the compound hydration/dehydration.
Sednev-Lugovets, Anton; Lu, Yang; Carvalho, Patricia Almeida; Vistad, Ørnulv Bjørnsson; Friis, Henrik & Austrheim, Håkon Olaf [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Dypingite: The phase identification and transformation. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Dypingite is a naturally occurring mineral, with an empirical formula Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·5H₂O, and a member of the hydrocarbonate mineral group. It was named in 1970 by Gunnar Raade, after the Dypingdal serpentine-magnesite deposit in Norway ( ). Recently, it was reported that this mineral can effectively remove heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni ( )) from water and cause their long-term immobilisation ( ). It is expected that the unique desert rose morphology of the compound or/and peculiarities of its crystal structure (Figure 1) are the reasons of the dypingite remarkable sorption properties. Despite the fact that this mineral has been known for 50 years, the information about its unit cell parameters, or even Bragg peak positions, is inconsistent and surprisingly limited. To partly fill this gap, we have been performing comprehensive structural and microstructural studies on the natural and synthetic dypingite powder samples to: i) identify a crystalline phase called dypingite; ii) correctly index powder X-ray diffraction (PXD) patterns so as to determine the compound unit cell parameters and to solve its crystal structure; iii) investigate the dypingite phase transformation occurring upon the compound hydration/dehydration.
Melteig, Elina & Friis, Henrik (2021). Hvordan finner du en meteoritt? [Internet]. Titan. Full text in Research Archive
Kvamsdal, Lars Olav; Friis, Henrik & Hurum, Jørn Harald (2021). Nytt om geologisk museum. Stein. ISSN 0802-9121. 48(4), p. 30–33. Full text in Research Archive
Kvamsdal, Lars Olav; Friis, Henrik & Müller, Axel (2021). Byrud gruver; mer enn smaragder. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 7, p. 21–36. Full text in Research Archive
Kullerud, Kåre; Kotková, J.; Šrein, V.; Skoda, S.; Friis, Henrik & Holtstam, D. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Electrum from the Kongsberg silver district, Norway – evidence for a Proterozoic gold province? Full text in Research Archive
Larsen, Knut Edvard & Friis, Henrik (2020). Sekundærmineraler fra kobberforekomsten i Kirkebukta, Løvøya Horten. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 6, p. 58–63. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Peter & Friis, Henrik (2020). Mineraler fra Eikevegåsen larvikittbrudd, Bassebu, Porsgrunn, Vestfold og Telemark. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 6, p. 64–67. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Peter; Friis, Henrik & Larsen, Alf Olav (2020). Pegmatitt med sølv, sølvmineraler og eksepsjonelle hambergittmasser fra en syenittpegmatittgang i larvikittbruddet AS Granit, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold og Telemark. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 6( ), p. 68–77. Full text in Research Archive
Neal, Alan & Friis, Henrik (2020). The Element of Surprise: Cerium. [Radio]. CBC Radio One. Full text in Research Archive
Kullerud, Kåre; Altenberger, Uwe; Andersen, Tom; Friis, Henrik; Günter, Christina & Ribacki, Enrico (2019). The anthophyllite that wasn't anthophyllite - from the anthophyllite type locality at the Kjennerudvann lake, Kongsberg, Norway. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 5, p. 110–115. Full text in Research Archive
Husdal, Tomas; Bo, Fabrice Dal; Friis, Henrik; Berge, Svein-Arne; Ljøstad, Ole Thorstein & Andresen, Peter (2019). New mineral discoveries from the Larvik Plutonic Complex, southern Norway. Norsk Mineralsymposium. 5, p. 47–51. Full text in Research Archive
Torgersen, Eivind & Friis, Henrik (2019). Krystaller i fri utfoldelse. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Torgersen, Eivind & Friis, Henrik (2019). Slik ser mineralet serpentin ut under mikroskopet. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Müller, Axel; Friis, Henrik & Schmitt, R.T. (2019). Alexander von Humboldt (1769 - 1859) – ein Protagonist der Erstellung und Förderung wissenschaftlicher Sammlungen für die öffentliche Bildung und Forschung. Full text in Research Archive
Steffenssen, Georg; Müller, Axel; Rosing-Schow, Nanna & Friis, Henrik (2019). The distribution and enrichment of scandium in garnets from the Tørdal pegmatites, south Norway, and its economic implications. Canadian Mineralogist. ISSN 0008-4476. 57(5), p. 799–801. doi: 10.3749/canmin.AB00025. Full text in Research Archive
Torgersen, Eivind & Friis, Henrik (2018). Denne lille holmen i Langesundsfjorden er proppfull av sjeldne mineraler. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Torgersen, Eivind & Friis, Henrik (2018). Slik ser mineralet amazonitt ut under mikroskopet. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Torgersen, Eivind & Friis, Henrik (2018). Slik ser nasjonalsteinen thulitt ut under mikroskopet. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Torgersen, Eivind & Friis, Henrik (2018). Blendende steinpanel. [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Ravneberget, Stine & Friis, Henrik (2018). Har motebransjen fått krystaller på hjernen? [Internet]. www.melkoghonning.no. Full text in Research Archive
Danielsen, Per Alexander Edvardsson; Jordheim, Helge; Arendt, Ada & Friis, Henrik (2025). Labelling Nature, A Study on the Semiophoric Functions of Mineral Labels. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
Müller, Axel; Larsen, Alf Olav; Kullerud, Kåre; Wanvik, Jan Egil; Friis, Henrik & Cruz, Erika H. de La [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Quartz and silver deposits of the Bamble and Kongsberg areas, South Norway. Excursion guide. QUARTZ2021 - International Symposium on Quartz, Tønsberg, Norway, 5.-10.09.2021. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive